Divine Aleru, Microbiome Signatures Research Coordinator

Nifedipine may provide significant pain relief for women with primary dysmenorrhoea, but evidence quality is low. Larger studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

IIT significantly improved pain and physical fitness in women with primary dysmenorrhea, while probiotics showed some benefits in alleviating premenstrual symptoms. However, probiotics alone did not impact hormone levels or inflammation.

Three-month probiotic supplementation improved mental health and reduced SAID reliance in women with primary dysmenorrhea, though it did not alter inflammatory cytokines or directly measure microbiome changes.

This study links a snack‐heavy dietary pattern to a significantly higher risk of moderate to severe dysmenorrhea among young women, highlighting the importance of dietary counseling in menstrual pain management.

This study links specific elements of the Mediterranean diet, particularly fruit and olive oil intake, to menstrual pain and characteristics, highlighting potential roles for anti-inflammatory foods in menstrual health among Spanish university women.

Zinc supplementation significantly reduces pain severity in women with primary dysmenorrhea, especially with longer durations of use, offering a safe and effective treatment option.

This meta-analysis demonstrates that cigarette smoking increases the risk of dysmenorrhea, with both current and former smokers showing a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing menstrual pain. Smoking cessation could be an effective intervention to alleviate symptoms.

This study identifies a strong association between concurrent tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking and increased dysmenorrhea risk. It emphasizes the need for lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation and exercise, to reduce menstrual pain.

This study demonstrates that zinc supplementation, when combined with mefenamic acid, significantly reduces primary dysmenorrhea pain and incidence, offering a more effective treatment strategy than mefenamic acid alone.

This systematic review highlights elevated oxidative stress and potential antioxidant deficiencies in women with primary dysmenorrhea. While oxidative markers such as DA and O were significantly higher, the evidence on antioxidant status remains inconclusive, suggesting a need for further research into therapeutic interventions.