STOP: Routine Consumption of Hibiscus Tea/Juice and Its Potential Impact on Female Fertility

Overview

Hibiscus tea, widely consumed for its antioxidant and health-promoting properties, contain bioactive compounds that may influence female reproductive health.^[1][2] Emerging evidence suggests that routine intake of hibiscus products could modulate hormone balance and infertility by impacting ovarian function, implantation, and hormonal regulation, warranting cautious evaluation of their use during reproductive years.^[3]

How Hibiscus Juice May Impact Female fertility

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a globally popular ornamental and medicinal plant whose flowers are commonly brewed into teas and juices prized for their antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory effects.^[4] Traditionally used in various cultures for reproductive health, hibiscus extracts have shown antifertility effects in preclinical studies, particularly in rodents.^[5] Given the increasing popularity of hibiscus tea as a natural health beverage, understanding its potential influence on female fertility is critical, especially for women actively trying to conceive or undergoing fertility treatments.

1. Antiovulatory Effects

Extracts from H. rosa-sinensis flowers and roots have been shown to disrupt the estrous cycle by prolonging specific phases and inducing follicular atresia, leading to anovulation.^[6] This antiovulatory activity is dose-dependent and reversible, indicating interference with normal ovarian function that could delay or prevent conception.^[7]

2. Estrogenic and Antiestrogenic Activities

Hibiscus extracts exert complex estrogenic effects; some studies demonstrate increased uterine weight and vaginal cytology changes consistent with estrogen stimulation, while others report antiestrogenic activity, including reduced uterine and ovarian weights in animal models. These dual effects suggest hibiscus may modulate estrogen receptor pathways, altering hormonal homeostasis crucial for fertility.^[8][9]

3. Anti-implantation and Interceptive Activity

Hibiscus flower and root extracts inhibit blastocyst implantation by altering endometrial receptivity, possibly through disruption of capillary hyperpermeability and progesterone suppression.^[10][11] This mechanism leads to failure of pregnancy establishment despite ovulation, representing a significant antifertility pathway.

4. Effects on Hormonal Balance and Luteolysis

Post-coital antifertility studies indicate hibiscus extracts can induce luteolysis, decrease progesterone levels, and increase uterine enzyme activity, all of which compromise the hormonal environment necessary to maintain early pregnancy.^[12][13]

Implications and Recommendations for Clinical Practice

Given the evidence from preclinical studies and limited clinical reports, clinicians should advise caution regarding routine consumption of hibiscus tea or juice, especially for women planning to conceive or undergoing fertility treatments. Hibiscus is recognized for its cardiovascular and antioxidant benefits, its potential antifertility effects, such as disruption of the estrous cycle, inhibition of ovulation, and impaired implantation, pose risks to female fertility. Hibiscus may interfere with hormonal treatments used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), potentially reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is essential for women to disclose hibiscus intake to healthcare providers to ensure that its use does not inadvertently affect reproductive outcomes. Until further controlled clinical studies clarify safe dosage thresholds and identify populations at higher risk, healthcare professionals should recommend limiting or avoiding hibiscus consumption during conception attempts.

Research Feed

July 8, 2020

Women’s Health •

What was studied?

This research investigated how the vaginal microbiota of healthy young women fluctuates daily in association with the natural hormonal cycle, contraceptive use, diet, and exercise. The authors used daily self-collected vaginal swabs over a period of 10 weeks to assess microbial community dynamics with high temporal resolution through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The study sought to understand the role of endogenous estradiol, exogenous hormonal contraceptives, and lifestyle factors in regulating vaginal microbial diversity, Lactobacillus dominance, and community stability.

Who was studied?

The participants included 26 healthy female college students aged 18 to 22 years from Wellesley College. They submitted daily vaginal swabs while recording information about their menstrual cycle, contraceptive use, dietary habits, exercise routines, and mood (collected during the second year). The cohort was categorized based on contraceptive use into women not using hormonal contraceptives, those using combined estrogen-progestin systemic contraceptives, and those using locally released progestin-only contraceptives. This diverse grouping allowed comparison of how different hormonal exposures and lifestyle factors influence the vaginal microbiome.

Most important findings

The vaginal microbial communities clustered into five distinct community state types dominated by different Lactobacillus species or more diverse anaerobic bacteria. During menstruation, microbial diversity increased significantly while Lactobacillus abundance decreased, indicating a disruption in the typically protective Lactobacillus dominance linked to menstrual bleeding and hormonal fluctuations. The study revealed a strong correlation between estradiol levels and vaginal microbial diversity and stability in naturally cycling women and those on combined contraceptives, but this relationship was disrupted in users of local progestin-only contraceptives. Women using local progestin-only contraceptives exhibited altered microbial fluctuations and lower Lactobacillus levels, suggesting that hormonal composition and release method affect microbiome structure. Additionally, a vegetarian diet and increased exercise were associated with greater microbial diversity, highlighting lifestyle as a modulator of vaginal microbiota. Mood did not show significant associations, though the data were limited. These results emphasize the dynamic nature of the vaginal microbiome, shaped by hormonal and environmental factors.

Key implications

The findings of this study suggest that ovarian hormones, particularly estradiol, play a critical role in maintaining vaginal microbial stability and Lactobacillus dominance, which are important for reproductive health. Hormonal contraceptives influence these dynamics in complex ways depending on hormone type and delivery method, with local progestin-only contraceptives potentially disrupting beneficial microbial communities. Lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise also contribute to shaping the vaginal microbiome. This highlights the importance of considering both endogenous and exogenous hormonal influences alongside lifestyle factors when evaluating vaginal health. The study also underscores the value of high-frequency longitudinal sampling to capture rapid microbial changes, which could inform future interventions for preventing vaginal microbial dysbiosis and associated reproductive complications.

May 18, 2023

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What was reviewed?

This review article explores the complex interactions between estrogen, the gut microbiome, and the brain, particularly focusing on how these interactions influence fear extinction, a process critical to anxiety and stress-related psychiatric disorders. It synthesizes current knowledge on the bidirectional communication within the gut microbiota-brain axis, emphasizing sex differences, estrogen’s role, and how microbial metabolites and signaling pathways may modulate fear extinction behaviors and related neural circuits.

Who was reviewed?

The review draws on a broad range of preclinical and clinical studies involving human subjects and animal models, primarily rodents. It incorporates findings from microbiome analyses, behavioral neuroscience, endocrinology, and psychiatry literature. Studies examining sex differences in gut microbial composition, estrogen receptor activity, microbial enzymatic metabolism of estrogens (the estrobolome), and gut-brain signaling pathways are integrated to provide a comprehensive picture of estrogen-microbiome-brain interactions relevant to fear and anxiety regulation.

Most important findings

The review highlights that gut microbiota composition and diversity are influenced by sex and fluctuating estrogen levels, with certain bacterial taxa, including Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus, capable of metabolizing estrogens via β-glucuronidase activity. This estrobolome function modulates circulating estrogen levels and thus potentially impacts brain regions involved in fear extinction, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Preclinical models demonstrate that microbiome depletion impairs fear extinction learning, whereas probiotics may enhance it, implicating microbial metabolites and neural pathways, particularly via the vagus nerve, in mediating these effects. Estradiol, acting predominantly through estrogen receptor β (ERβ), facilitates fear extinction memory recall and modifies GABAergic signaling in fear circuits. However, most mechanistic studies focus on males, with a critical lack of female-specific data, especially across hormonal cycles. Human studies are limited but suggest associations between gut microbial taxa and fear-related neural activity. Progesterone’s role remains less clear but may also interact with the gut microbiome to influence anxiety behaviors.

Key implications

This review underscores the need for more sex-specific research into the gut microbiome’s role in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety and PTSD, given the higher prevalence in women and estrogen’s modulatory effects on fear extinction. Understanding the estrogen-gut microbiome-brain axis could reveal novel therapeutic targets, including microbiota-based interventions like probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation, tailored by sex and hormonal status. It also highlights that estrogen’s influence on brain circuits critical for fear learning is potentially mediated or modulated by microbial activity and metabolites, suggesting a new dimension for personalized psychiatry. Future studies must include females, consider hormonal cycles, and employ integrated microbiome and neurobiological approaches to improve mental health outcomes and address sex disparities in psychiatric disease.

May 1, 2022

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What was reviewed?

This systematic review examined the association between sex hormone levels, primarily estrogen and testosterone, and the composition and diversity of the human gut microbiota. The review synthesized findings from 13 observational human studies that employed next-generation sequencing techniques to assess how fluctuations or differences in sex hormones correlate with specific bacterial taxa and microbial diversity indices. The focus was on healthy individuals as well as those with conditions characterized by altered hormone profiles, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and postmenopausal status.

Who was reviewed?

The review encompassed a total of 812 participants from diverse geographic locations including the USA, China, Poland, South Korea, and Spain. The vast majority of participants were women (91%), with men representing only 9%. The average age across studies was 41 years. Included studies ranged from cross-sectional to case-control designs and involved healthy adults, postmenopausal women, and women with hormone-related conditions such as PCOS and breast cancer. Studies varied in methods of hormone measurement, microbiota sequencing regions, and diversity metrics, reflecting heterogeneity in approaches.

Most important findings

The review found consistent associations between estrogen levels and gut microbial composition and alpha diversity. Higher estrogen was linked to increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes, especially within the Ruminococcaceae family, and a lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, often associated with better gut health. Estrogen positively correlated with genera such as Ruminococcus and inversely with Bacteroides and some Firmicutes genera. In postmenopausal women, estrogen correlated strongly with increased alpha diversity metrics. Testosterone showed positive correlations with genera like Ruminococcus and Acinetobacter in men, while in women with PCOS, altered testosterone levels correlated with increased abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and other taxa. Testosterone was also associated with shifts in alpha diversity, though findings were less consistent than for estrogen. These hormone-microbiota relationships may be mediated by microbial enzymatic activities, such as β-glucuronidase production, which modulates hormone enterohepatic circulation.

Key implications

This review highlights a significant, yet complex, bidirectional interaction between sex hormones and gut microbiota composition and diversity. These interactions may contribute to sex-based differences in disease pathogenesis, particularly in hormone-sensitive conditions like PCOS, breast cancer, osteoporosis, and gastrointestinal disorders. The findings suggest that modulation of the microbiota could represent a novel therapeutic avenue to influence systemic hormone levels and related disease outcomes. However, heterogeneity in study design and population underscores the need for more standardized, longitudinal studies, including male participants, to unravel mechanistic pathways and causal relationships. Ultimately, understanding the sex hormone–microbiota axis may facilitate personalized interventions targeting microbial profiles to optimize hormone-related health.

What was studied?

This case report investigated the potential relationship between daily consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea (commonly known as hibiscus tea), hormone balance, and the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the context of in-vitro fertilization (IVF). The report explores how the phytoestrogens present in hibiscus tea may influence coagulation pathways, potentially reducing the risk of DVT, while also possibly interfering with hormone therapy used in IVF. It presents a clinical timeline correlating the cessation of hibiscus tea intake with the development of DVT in a woman undergoing IVF hormone treatment.

Who was studied?

The subject of this report was a 42-year-old otherwise healthy and active woman undergoing IVF treatment. She had been consuming 20 ounces of hibiscus tea daily during her first IVF cycle, which involved oral and injectable hormone therapies. After developing a large ovarian cyst, she ceased drinking hibiscus tea while continuing IVF hormone therapy. Subsequently, she developed a right calf DVT, confirmed by emergency room diagnosis and treated with anticoagulants. No intrinsic clotting disorders were found, implicating the IVF hormones and possibly the withdrawal of hibiscus tea in the DVT event.

Most important findings

The report highlights that hibiscus tea contains phytoestrogens with known estrogen-binding activity, which may exert anticoagulant effects by inhibiting coagulation and reducing blood pressure. These properties suggest a protective role of hibiscus tea against thrombotic events during hormone therapy. Conversely, phytoestrogens can compete with exogenous estrogen used in IVF, potentially diminishing the efficacy of ovarian stimulation protocols necessary for successful conception. The case observed that discontinuation of hibiscus tea, which may have provided some antithrombotic benefit, coincided temporally with the onset of DVT during IVF. Prior studies cited in the report confirm hibiscus tea’s effectiveness in lowering blood pressure comparably to antihypertensive medications and its antiplatelet, but non-thrombolytic, activities. However, these dual effects highlight a delicate balance between beneficial cardiovascular effects and interference with reproductive hormone therapies.

Key implications

This case report raises important considerations regarding the use of herbal supplements such as hibiscus tea during IVF and other hormone-dependent treatments. While hibiscus tea may reduce cardiovascular risks such as DVT by modulating blood pressure and coagulation, its phytoestrogens may adversely affect the delicate hormonal balance required for successful IVF outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of possible interactions between dietary supplements and reproductive hormone therapies. The report calls for further rigorous research to clarify the mechanisms by which hibiscus tea influences coagulation and hormone therapy efficacy, especially in assisted reproductive technologies, to guide safe clinical recommendations.

October 5, 2012

Women’s Health •

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What was reviewed?

This review article provides a detailed update on the contraceptive potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.), a widely cultivated ornamental shrub belonging to the Malvaceae family. The article focuses on the pharmacological effects of the plant’s extracts—primarily from flowers, leaves, stems, and roots—with an emphasis on their antifertility properties in both male and female animal models. It consolidates experimental findings on the antiovulatory, antiimplantation, androgenic, and antispermatogenic activities of various extracts and highlights the mechanisms by which H. rosa-sinensis interferes with reproductive processes. The review also discusses traditional medicinal uses of the plant in reproductive health and outlines the need for further research to develop standardized herbal contraceptives.

Who was reviewed?

The review draws on numerous preclinical studies conducted mostly on albino rats and mice, with extracts tested at various doses and routes of administration. Both male and female animals were used to assess the reproductive effects, including spermatogenesis suppression in males and estrous cycle disruption or implantation inhibition in females. Some studies also evaluated effects on reproductive organ weights, hormone levels, and histopathology. Limited clinical data, mainly from small trials or ethnomedical records, were referenced regarding contraceptive efficacy and safety in humans. The review includes research conducted across different seasons and geographical locations to account for phytochemical variation.

Most important findings

Evidence shows that extracts from H. rosa-sinensis flowers and roots possess strong contraceptive activities. In males, flower extracts reduce sperm count and motility, induce testicular degeneration, and modify androgenic parameters, suggesting antispermatogenic and androgenic effects. Female animals treated with flower or root extracts exhibit disrupted estrous cycles, ovarian follicular atresia, and reduced uterine and ovarian weights, consistent with antiovulatory and antiestrogenic actions. Post-coital antifertility effects have been demonstrated by inhibition of blastocyst implantation and luteolysis, accompanied by altered progesterone levels and uterine biochemical changes. The antifertility effects are dose-dependent and reversible, indicating potential for safe contraceptive development. Traditional uses support these pharmacological findings, with historical applications in controlling fertility and gynecological disorders.

Key implications

This updated review reinforces Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as a promising candidate for natural contraceptive development. Its multifaceted antifertility actions affecting both male and female reproductive physiology could address limitations of current synthetic contraceptives by offering fewer side effects and improved acceptability. Nonetheless, significant gaps remain, including the need for standardized extraction methods, identification of active constituents, comprehensive toxicity evaluations, and well-designed human clinical trials. Addressing these areas could enable translation of this plant’s contraceptive potential into practical, safe, and effective herbal contraceptive products, particularly valuable in resource-limited settings.

October 10, 2018

What was reviewed?

This comprehensive review article examined the phytochemistry and medicinal uses of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a widely distributed ornamental and medicinal plant from the Malvaceae family. The review summarized the plant's botanical characteristics, chemical constituents across various parts (flowers, leaves, stems, roots), and a wide range of pharmacological activities reported in preclinical studies. The article highlighted key bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids, and detailed their roles in antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antifertility, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and other effects. Toxicity studies and gaps for future research were also discussed.

Who was reviewed?

The review synthesized findings from numerous in vitro, in vivo, and some clinical studies involving different experimental models, including various bacterial and fungal strains, cancer cell lines, diabetic and hypertensive animal models, and rat/mouse models for reproductive and neurological studies. Human clinical trials were limited but included studies on antidiabetic effects and toxicity assessments. The pharmacological activities were evaluated using extracts or isolated compounds from different parts of the plant collected from diverse geographical locations.

Most important findings

The review identified flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and its glycosides), anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-sophoroside), and other phenolic compounds as principal contributors to the plant’s strong antioxidant activity. Extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple bacterial pathogens including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, as well as fungi like Candida albicans and Aspergillus species. Anticancer effects were noted in various cancer cell lines (oral, breast, colon, leukemia), often mediated by apoptosis induction. Antidiabetic activity was demonstrated through reductions in blood glucose and improved lipid profiles in animal models and some human subjects. Anti-inflammatory, wound healing, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects were also supported by multiple studies. The review noted the plant’s antifertility effects through estrogenic and anti-implantation mechanisms, consistent with traditional contraceptive uses. Toxicity studies mostly showed safety at tested doses, although some high-dose treatments affected liver and kidney parameters.

Key implications

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis represents a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals with diverse therapeutic potentials, supporting its traditional medicinal uses. The breadth of pharmacological activities—from antimicrobial to anticancer and antidiabetic—positions it as a promising candidate for developing novel plant-based therapeutics. However, the review emphasizes the need for further research to isolate specific active compounds, elucidate mechanisms of action, optimize standardized extract formulations, and conduct well-designed clinical trials to confirm efficacy and safety in humans. Addressing these gaps is critical to translating preclinical promise into clinical applications and harnessing H. rosa-sinensis for modern medicinal use.

May 11, 2018

Women’s Health •

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What was reviewed?

This review article examined the antifertility potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., a plant widely recognized in traditional medicine, with a focus on its possible use as a herbal contraceptive. It synthesized evidence from pharmacological studies, toxicological evaluations, and ethnomedicinal reports assessing the plant’s effects on female reproductive physiology. The review explored the mechanisms by which H. rosa-sinensis extracts influence ovarian function, estrous cycle regulation, implantation, and spermatogenesis, emphasizing the potential for the development of safe and reversible herbal contraceptives.

Who was reviewed?

The review incorporated preclinical data from various animal models, predominantly female albino rats and mice, to investigate the antifertility effects of different H. rosa-sinensis plant parts, including flowers, leaves, roots, and seeds. It covered studies evaluating estrogenic, antiovulatory, antiimplantation, and abortifacient activities through the administration of various extracts (benzene, ethanolic, aqueous) at different doses. Some studies also assessed effects on male reproductive parameters such as spermatogenesis. Human clinical data were limited, but traditional and ethnopharmacological uses of the plant in India and neighboring regions were considered.

Most important findings

The review found consistent evidence that H. rosa-sinensis flower extracts exert significant antifertility effects mediated through multiple pathways. The benzene extract of flowers disrupted estrous cycles by prolonging estrus and metestrus phases, increasing atretic follicles, and preventing the formation of corpora lutea, indicating antiovulatory activity. Estrogenic effects were demonstrated by increased uterine weight and premature vaginal opening in immature mice. Antiimplantation effects were confirmed by failure of blastocyst implantation and biochemical alterations in the endometrium, including changes in oxidative stress markers. Additionally, extracts showed abortifacient activity through progesterone suppression and luteolysis. In males, extracts induced reversible spermatogenic damage and reduced accessory sex organ weights. Importantly, the antifertility effects were dose-dependent and reversible upon discontinuation. Phytochemical analyses identified flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and other bioactive compounds as probable mediators. Despite promising pharmacological effects, the review emphasized variability in extract preparation and a lack of standardized formulations.

Key implications

This review highlights Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as a promising source for the development of herbal contraceptives, offering advantages such as reversibility and reduced side effects compared to synthetic drugs. The multifaceted antifertility mechanisms targeting ovarian function, implantation, and male fertility provide a broad basis for contraceptive applications. However, substantial gaps remain, including the need for rigorous toxicological evaluations, standardized extraction methods, clinical trials in humans, and a detailed understanding of molecular targets. Harnessing H. rosa-sinensis could contribute to safer, cost-effective contraceptive options, particularly in settings with limited access to modern pharmaceuticals, but careful research is needed to ensure efficacy, safety, and dosage consistency.

March 7, 2007

Women’s Health •

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What was studied?

This original research study investigated the post-coital antifertility and estrogenic activities of the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. roots. The primary aim was to evaluate the extract's ability to prevent implantation in pregnant rats and to assess its effects on uterine weight, histology, and vaginal cytology, which are indicative of estrogenic activity. The study focused on exploring the potential contraceptive effects of the root extract, an area less studied compared to other parts of the plant, like flowers or leaves.

Who was studied?

The study utilized female albino Wistar rats for antifertility testing and immature ovariectomized female rats for estrogenic activity assessment. Animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions, and only rats with regular estrous cycles were selected for the experiments. For toxicity evaluation, adult albino mice of both sexes were used. The post-coital antifertility testing involved treating pregnant rats with oral doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic root extract from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy, followed by laparotomy to assess implantation on day 10.

Most important findings

The study demonstrated potent post-coital antifertility activity, with the 400 mg/kg dose producing 100% inhibition of implantation, while the 200 mg/kg dose showed partial inhibition (16.66%). No toxic effects or weight changes were observed, and the antifertility effect was reversible as treated rats conceived normally after discontinuation. Estrogenic activity was evident as the 400 mg/kg extract significantly increased uterine weight, uterine diameter, and endometrial thickness compared to controls. Histological analysis revealed uterine inflation, increased epithelial cell proliferation, and fluid accumulation resembling the proestrous/estrous state. Vaginal smears indicated increased cornification, consistent with estrogenic stimulation. Co-administration of the extract with ethinyl estradiol further enhanced these parameters, indicating no antiestrogenic effect. The findings suggest the extract's antifertility action is likely mediated by estrogenic mechanisms, causing anti-implantation effects.

Key implications

This study supports the traditional use of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis roots as a potential herbal contraceptive through anti-implantation and estrogenic effects. The extract's strong and reversible inhibition of implantation with no overt toxicity indicates promise for developing safe, plant-based contraceptive agents. These findings encourage further research into isolation of active phytochemicals, mechanism elucidation, and evaluation of clinical applicability. Given the current challenges with synthetic contraceptives, including side effects and discontinuation, such herbal alternatives could provide safer, more acceptable fertility regulation options, especially in resource-limited settings.

References

An update review on Hibiscus rosa sinensis phytochemistry and medicinal uses.. Missoum A.. (J Ayurvedic Herb Med. 2018;4(3):135-146.)
Herbal contraceptives: Evaluation of antifertility potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.).. Chauhan SB, Naved T.. (Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(11):36-41.)
Contraceptive potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) – An update.. Gupta PC.. (Int J Pharm Res. 2012;4(4):133-137.)
A Comprehensive Overview of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.: Its Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Uses, Pharmacological Activities, and Toxicology.. Amtaghri S, Qabouche A, Slaoui M, Eddouks M.. (Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2024;24(1):86-115.)
Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Roots. Vasudeva N, Sharma SK.. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(1):91-94.)
Contraceptive potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) – An update.. Gupta PC.. (Int J Pharm Res. 2012;4(4):133-137.)
Effect of benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on the estrous cycle and ovarian activity in albino mice.. Murthy DR, Reddy CM, Patil SB.. (Biol Pharm Bull. 1997 Jul;20(7):756-8.)
Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Roots. Vasudeva N, Sharma SK.. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(1):91-94.)
Contraceptive potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) – An update.. Gupta PC.. (Int J Pharm Res. 2012;4(4):133-137.)
Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Roots. Vasudeva N, Sharma SK.. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(1):91-94.)
Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agent: II. Possible mode of action with reference to anti-implantation effect of the benzene extract.. Pal AK, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pakrashi A.. (Contraception. 1985 Nov;32(5):517-29.)
Herbal contraceptives: Evaluation of antifertility potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.).. Chauhan SB, Naved T.. (Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(11):36-41.)
Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Roots. Vasudeva N, Sharma SK.. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(1):91-94.)