Research feed 
Overview 
Microbiome Signature 
Interventions 
FAQs 
Research Feed 
Update History 
References 2025-07-25 17:56:17
Primary Dysmenorrhea majorpublished
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Researched by:
-
Divine Aleru
ID
Divine Aleru
Read MoreI am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Primary dysmenorrhea (D) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (D) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include SAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women’s quality of life.
-
Divine Aleru
Read More
Researched by:
-
Divine Aleru
ID
Divine Aleru
Read More
Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
Divine Aleru
Overview
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is defined as painful menstruation occurring in the absence of any underlying pelvic disease or pathology. It is the most common gynecological complaint affecting women of reproductive age, with a prevalence ranging from 45% to 95% worldwide.[1][2] Typically, the pain starts just before or at the onset of menstruation and lasts for up to 72 hours. It is characterized by cramping pain in the lower abdomen, which is often accompanied by systemic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headaches, and gastrointestinal distress.[3] The underlying pathophysiology of PD is primarily attributed to the overproduction of prostaglandins (specifically PGF2α and PGE2) in the endometrial tissue.[4] This leads to uterine hypercontractility, ischemia, and hypoxia, which, in turn, cause the painful cramps experienced during menstruation.[5] Despite its high prevalence, PD remains underdiagnosed and undertreated, often being normalized as a “normal” part of menstruation.[6] The microbiome plays a significant, yet underexplored, role in the inflammatory processes associated with PD. Studies have suggested that dysbiosis or imbalance in the vaginal microbiome could exacerbate inflammation, although further research is required to establish these connections fully.
Associated Conditions
Primary dysmenorrhea is closely linked to other conditions, both gynecological and non-gynecological. The most significant associated condition is endometriosis, where endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus, causing severe pain similar to PD.[7][8] Adolescents and young women with PD are at an increased risk of developing endometriosis in adulthood, especially when their dysmenorrhea is severe and persistent.[9][10] Psychologically, depression and anxiety are prevalent among women with PD.[11][12] A study reported that women with PD have a significantly higher risk of developing depression, with up to 64% of women with PD being at risk of postpartum depression (PPD) following childbirth.[13] The chronic pain experienced in PD leads to a decreased quality of life, contributing to higher rates of absenteeism from work and school, further exacerbating mental health challenges.[14] Other conditions that can overlap with or mimic PD include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and pelvic floor dysfunction, which can complicate the diagnosis and management of PD.
Causal Theories
The etiology of primary dysmenorrhea is largely attributed to increased levels of prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid. These substances promote uterine contractions and vasoconstriction, leading to ischemia and pain. However, the full range of contributing factors is still not completely understood. Some of the key theories include:
| Causal Theory | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Prostaglandin Overproduction | Prostaglandins cause uterine contractions, leading to pain and ischemia.[15][x] |
| Microbiome Dysbiosis | The microbiome may affect inflammatory responses during menstruation, potentially exacerbating PD symptoms.[16][17] |
| Genetic Factors | Genetic predispositions may influence the severity and onset of dysmenorrhea.[18] |
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea is primarily clinical, based on the patient’s medical history and symptom presentation. It is essential to differentiate PD from secondary dysmenorrhea, which can be caused by underlying pelvic conditions such as endometriosis and adenomyosis.[19] Secondary causes of dysmenorrhea often present later in life and are not cyclical. Advancements in non-invasive diagnostic methods, including the use of microbiome signatures, metabolomics, and metallomics, have shown potential in identifying biomarkers that may assist in diagnosing dysmenorrhea. However, these methods are not yet widely used in clinical settings.
Primer
To fully understand primary dysmenorrhea, it is crucial to grasp the fundamentals of its pathophysiology, which is largely driven by the release of prostaglandins.[20][x] These molecules mediate uterine contractions and vasoconstriction during menstruation, leading to pain. The elevated levels of prostaglandins, especially PGF2α and PGE2, cause intense uterine muscle contractions that reduce blood flow to the uterus, leading to ischemia, hypoxia, and a heightened sensitivity to pain.[21] This process is further exacerbated by inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the uterine tissues. As we deepen our understanding of PD, it is important to explore not only the hormonal and inflammatory factors but also the roles of heavy metals and metabolites in the condition’s pathogenesis. Heavy metals, which accumulate in the body through environmental exposure, can disrupt normal physiological processes, including inflammatory responses and oxidative stress pathways. For instance, metals like zinc, copper, and iron are essential in numerous biochemical reactions, but imbalances in these metals can exacerbate symptoms of a lot of conditions. Similarly, metabolites can reflect the biochemical alterations occurring during menstruation and the luteal phase, potentially offering insights into the underlying mechanisms driving PD.
Metallomic Signatures
Metal imbalances could serve as useful biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring PD. The role of heavy metals in primary dysmenorrhea is an emerging area of interest, especially in understanding how metal imbalances contribute to inflammation, oxidative stress, and the pain mechanisms that drive this condition. Recent studies have suggested that essential trace metals such as zinc, copper, and iron play pivotal roles in various physiological processes, and their imbalances may significantly affect uterine function, potentially exacerbating PD symptoms. Zinc, a vital trace element, is one of the most studied metals in the context of PD. It has been demonstrated to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which are highly important in alleviating the symptoms of PD. Zinc functions through several mechanisms: it inhibits the production of prostaglandins, which are known to cause uterine contractions and pain, by modulating the activity of cyclooxygenases (COX).[22] Zinc helps to enhance microcirculation within the endometrial tissues, preventing ischemia and reducing the severity of uterine cramps. The anti-inflammatory effect of zinc is partly due to its ability to increase the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), an important antioxidant enzyme that reduces the production of free radicals.[23] These actions help mitigate oxidative stress, which is often elevated in PD and contributes to pain and tissue damage.
Metabolomic Signatures
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, especially the luteal regression stage, plays a significant role in the development of PD. This stage, marked by a decline in progesterone and the shedding of the endometrial lining, has been shown to produce metabolic and hormonal changes that contribute to the pain and discomfort associated with PD. The use of urine metabolomics has led to the identification of several biomarkers that could serve as indicators of PD during the luteal regression phase. The study on metabolomic profiles of PD patients during this stage revealed significant perturbations in various metabolites. Urinary metabolites such as ornithine, dihydrocor‑tisol, histidine, citrulline, sphinganine, and phytosphingosine were identified as being notably altered in women with PD compared to healthy controls.[24] These metabolites are involved in pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and steroid hormone synthesis, processes that are central to PD pathophysiology. Sphinganine and phytosphingosine are sphingolipids involved in cell signaling and inflammation, while citrulline and ornithine are amino acids associated with the urea cycle and nitric oxide synthesis, which could influence vascular tone and uterine contractions. 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, a metabolite of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), is another key biomarker for PD. PGF2α, a potent mediator of uterine contractions and vasoconstriction, is central to the pain and ischemia experienced during menstruation.[25] The elevated levels of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, along with the other metabolites, suggest a heightened inflammatory and oxidative state in PD patients, during the luteal regression phase.
Microbiome Signature: Primary Dysmenorrhea
Interventions
Primary dysmenorrhea is a common condition that can severely impact quality of life. While traditional pharmaceutical approaches, such as NSAIDs and hormonal treatments, are often used to alleviate symptoms, a range of alternative and complementary therapies have shown potential in managing PD, particularly microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs) and systemic inflammation. The interventions discussed here include vitamins, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, TENS, metformin, lactoferrin, acupuncture, acupressure, exercise, yoga, massage, calcium, and nifedipine. Each of these therapies has a distinct mechanism of action, with varying degrees of evidence supporting their efficacy in treating PD.
| Intervention | Mechanism of Action | MBTI Status |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamins (Vitamin D, E) | Vitamin D regulates inflammation by enhancing calcium absorption and modulating (by decreasing) prostaglandin production, reducing uterine cramps.[26] Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.[27] | Promising Candidate |
| Probiotics | Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, modulate the gut microbiota, which in turn influences systemic inflammation and immune responses.[28] By regulating inflammatory mediators like cytokines and prostaglandins, probiotics may reduce the severity of PD symptoms.[29] | Under Investigation |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Omega-3s, particularly EPA and DHA, reduce inflammation by modulating the production of prostaglandins (PGE3), which have anti-inflammatory effects.[30] Omega-3 supplementation reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhances overall immune response, thus alleviating menstrual pain. | Validated |
| Metformin | Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation, which may indirectly decrease prostaglandin production, a key contributor to PD. Studies have shown a drastic decrease in dysmenorrhea after treatment with metformin [31] | Proposed candidate |
| Lactoferrin | Lactoferrin, a glycoprotein found in milk, has anti-inflammatory properties and may help modulate immune responses.[32] It is thought to reduce menstrual distress by lowering systemic inflammation, potentially influencing microbiome-related pathways to alleviate symptoms.[33] | Under Investigation |
| Calcium | Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and relaxation, including the uterine muscles.[34] Supplementation may help alleviate menstrual cramps by improving muscle function and reducing uterine hyperactivity.[35] | Promising Candidate |
| Nifedipine (drug repurposing) | Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, works by relaxing smooth muscle tissue, including the uterine muscles, thereby reducing uterine contractions and alleviating menstrual pain. It may be particularly beneficial for women who experience severe cramps.[36] | Under Investigation |
Other Complementary and Alternative Therapies
While pharmacological treatments such as NSAIDs or hormonal therapy are the first-line options for primary dysmenorrhea, several complementary and alternative therapies offer additional benefits for managing menstrual pain and improving quality of life. These treatments are particularly useful for women seeking non-pharmacological options or those who cannot tolerate conventional medications.
Acupuncture and Acupressure
Acupuncture has long been employed in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various forms of pain, including PD. It involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the nervous system and promote the release of endorphins, which act as natural painkillers.[37] Recent studies suggest that acupuncture can also modulate uterine blood flow and reduce myometrial contractions, which are both implicated in PD pain.[38] Acupressure, which involves applying pressure to the same acupoints, has similarly been shown to reduce pain and inflammation.
Exercise
Exercise is another intervention that has been shown to alleviate PD symptoms. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate aerobic exercise can help reduce menstrual pain by increasing endorphin production, improving circulation, and decreasing the levels of inflammatory prostaglandins (such as PGE2).[39][40] Regular physical activity is also beneficial for overall hormonal balance, which may help reduce the severity of PD over time. Studies have confirmed that exercise, especially when combined with other therapies like probiotics, can improve physical fitness and significantly reduce menstrual distress.[41][42]
Yoga
Yoga, particularly yoga postures (asanas) focused on relaxation and breathing, has also gained popularity as an alternative treatment for PD. Yoga suppresses the pain by lowering the level of prostaglandin production
and myometrial ischemia.[43] It helps by reducing stress, improving blood flow to the pelvis, and reducing inflammation. By promoting deep breathing and mindfulness, yoga can alleviate the emotional burden of PD, helping to mitigate symptoms like anxiety and depression, which often accompany menstrual pain.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
TENS is a non-invasive method of pain relief that works by using low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate sensory nerves. This process helps to block the transmission of pain signals to the brain (gate control theory) and triggers the release of endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers.[44] TENS has been suggested for use in managing PD, providing an alternative for women who prefer not to use oral medications.[45]
FAQs
Can Diet and Lifestyle Changes Help Alleviate Primary Dysmenorrhea Symptoms?
Can Diet and Lifestyle Changes Help Alleviate Primary Dysmenorrhea Symptoms?
Yes, diet and lifestyle changes can play a significant role in managing primary dysmenorrhea. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce inflammation and improve overall health. Omega-3s, found in foods like fish, walnuts, and flaxseeds, have anti-inflammatory effects that can reduce menstrual pain. Limiting processed foods, sugar, and trans fats may also decrease inflammation in the body. Exercise is another critical lifestyle change that can alleviate PD symptoms. Regular physical activity, including aerobic exercises and strength training, enhances circulation, reduces prostaglandin levels, and promotes endorphin release, which naturally combats pain. Additionally, stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, yoga, and meditation, can help reduce the emotional burden of PD, which in turn can lessen the physical pain.
Are There Any Side Effects to the Treatments for Primary Dysmenorrhea?
Are There Any Side Effects to the Treatments for Primary Dysmenorrhea?
Most treatments for primary dysmenorrhea are safe and well-tolerated, but some may have side effects, especially when used long-term. NSAIDs, commonly used for pain relief, can cause stomach upset, ulcers, or kidney issues if used excessively. Hormonal treatments, such as birth control pills or IUDs, may cause side effects like weight gain, headaches, or changes in menstrual bleeding patterns. Non-pharmacological treatments like exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage are generally safe with minimal side effects. However, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new therapy, especially if you have underlying health conditions. For probiotics, while they are generally safe, some women may experience digestive issues, such as bloating or gas. TENS is a non-invasive treatment but may cause discomfort or skin irritation in some individuals.
Can Primary Dysmenorrhea Be Prevented?
Can Primary Dysmenorrhea Be Prevented?
Primary dysmenorrhea cannot always be prevented, as it is often linked to genetic factors and hormonal fluctuations that are beyond one’s control. However, early intervention and lifestyle modifications can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent them from interfering with daily life. Engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, managing stress, and using therapies such as acupuncture or TENS at the onset of symptoms may help minimize the intensity of cramps. Additionally, consistent use of vitamins, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids may help modulate the inflammatory processes associated with PD, reducing pain over time.
Research Feed
Diagnosis and Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea
May 13, 2021
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Prevalence and Impact of Dysmenorrhea on Hispanic Female Adolescent
March 17, 2022
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Insight into Dysmenorrhea Research from 1992 to 2022: A Bibliometric Analysis
October 27, 2023
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Genome-wide association analysis of pain severity in dysmenorrhea identifies association at chromosome 1p13.2, near the nerve growth factor locus
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment
June 19, 2019
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates
March 17, 2022
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Dysmenorrhea pattern in adolescences informing adult endometriosis
February 5, 2024
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Significant Increase in Depression in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea
August 5, 2021
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Dysmenorrhea increased the risk of postpartum depression in Chinese Han parturients
November 12, 2019
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Postpartum Depression (PPD) •
Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Did you know?
Bright light therapy has been used as a treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and is now being explored for postpartum depression? Exposure to bright light can help regulate the circadian rhythm and improve sleep and mood.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Depression, anxiety, stress, and dysmenorrhea: a protocol for a systematic review
March 26, 2020
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
To explore the mechanism of acupoint application in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea by 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics
May 30, 2024
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Associations between dysmenorrhea symptom-based phenotypes and vaginal microbiome: A pilot study
July 1, 2021
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Primary Dysmenorrhea in Relation to Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies
October 15, 2020
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Inflammatory Markers in Dysmenorrhea and Therapeutic Options
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage
January 13, 2017
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
The Efficacy of Zinc Administration in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea
November 13, 2015
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Influence of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on dysmenorrhoea
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Association between cigarette smoking and the risk of dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis of observational studies
April 15, 2020
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Efficacy of Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea
November 24, 2024
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Relationship between Diet, Menstrual Pain and other Menstrual Characteristics among Spanish Students
June 12, 2020
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Major dietary patterns in relation to menstrual pain: a nested case control study
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
The role of probiotics in improving menstrual health in women with primary dysmenorrhoea
March 5, 2024
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea
February 25, 2025
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Nifedipine for primary dysmenorrhoea
December 18, 2021
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Metformin, the Rise of a New Medical Therapy for Endometriosis? A Systematic Review of the Literature
May 11, 2021
/
Endometriosis •
Endometriosis
Did you know?
Gut microbiota predict endometriosis better than vaginal microbiota.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Effects of a Bovine Lactoferrin Formulation from Cow’s Milk on Menstrual Distress in Volunteers
May 31, 2016
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical Approach
August 28, 2021
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 is effective especially on the menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea in endometriosis patients
December 10, 2010
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
The effectiveness of self-care and lifestyle interventions in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
January 17, 2019
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Management of dysmenorrhea through yoga: A narrative review
March 30, 2025
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Primary Dysmenorrhea
June 21, 2023
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
The effects of vitamin D and calcium on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review
September 6, 2023
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Acupuncture with or without moxibustion for primary dysmenorrhea
September 18, 2020
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Comparative effectiveness of exercise interventions for primary dysmenorrhea
November 16, 2024
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Exercise for dysmenorrhoea
September 20, 2019
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Acupuncture for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Potential Mechanism from an Anti-Inflammatory Perspective
December 3, 2021
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Vitamin Effects in Primary Dysmenorrhea
June 1, 2023
/
Primary Dysmenorrhea •
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Did you know?
Drinking more water helps relieve period cramps. Staying hydrated reduces bloating and inflammation, facilitating improved blood flow and relaxing tense muscles, including the uterus. Increasing fluid intake during menstruation helps flush out excess sodium and toxins, potentially lessening painful cramps.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Update History
Endometriosis
Endometriosis involves ectopic endometrial tissue causing pain and infertility. Validated and Promising Interventions include Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), Low Nickel Diet, and Metronidazole therapy.
Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Postpartum depression (PPD) affects many new mothers, influencing emotional, mental, and physical well-being. The gut microbiome, hormones, diet, and exercise all play a significant role in the onset, severity, and management of PPD. Early intervention, including probiotics, dietary changes, and therapy, can effectively alleviate symptoms and improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Microbiome-Targeted Interventions (MBTIs)
Microbiome Targeted Interventions (MBTIs) are cutting-edge treatments that utilize information from Microbiome Signatures to modulate the microbiome, revolutionizing medicine with unparalleled precision and impact.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Postpartum depression (PPD) affects many new mothers, influencing emotional, mental, and physical well-being. The gut microbiome, hormones, diet, and exercise all play a significant role in the onset, severity, and management of PPD. Early intervention, including probiotics, dietary changes, and therapy, can effectively alleviate symptoms and improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis involves ectopic endometrial tissue causing pain and infertility. Validated and Promising Interventions include Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), Low Nickel Diet, and Metronidazole therapy.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is painful menstrual cramps without underlying pelvic pathology, predominantly caused by elevated prostaglandins inducing uterine contractions and ischemia. Managing primary dysmenorrhea (PD) requires understanding its complex mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatments include NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and promising complementary options like probiotics, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, yoga, acupuncture, and massage, significantly improving women's quality of life.
References
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates.. Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ.. (Korean J Fam Med. 2022 Mar;43(2):101-10. Epub 2022 Mar 17.)
- Diagnosis and management of primary dysmenorrhea.. Shields, J., & Kho, K. (2021).. (Contemporary OB/GYN, 61(5), 21-29.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates.. Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ.. (Korean J Fam Med. 2022 Mar;43(2):101-10. Epub 2022 Mar 17.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates.. Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ.. (Korean J Fam Med. 2022 Mar;43(2):101-10. Epub 2022 Mar 17.)
- Dysmenorrhea pattern in adolescences informing adult endometriosis.. Dai Y, Luo H, Zhu L, Yang W, Xiang H, Shi Q, Jin P.. (BMC Public Health. 2024 Feb 5;24(1):373.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Is primary dysmenorrhea a precursor of future endometriosis development?. Clemenza S, Vannuccini S, Capezzuoli T, Meleca CI, Pampaloni F, Petraglia F.. (Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021 Apr;37(4):287-293. Epub 2021 Feb 11)
- Endometriosis and Adolescence: The Impact of Dysmenorrhea.. Martire, F. G., Piccione, E., Exacoustos, C., & Zupi, E. (2023).. (Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(17), 5624.)
- Depression, anxiety, stress, and dysmenorrhea: a protocol for a systematic review.. Pakpour AH, Kazemi F, Alimoradi Z, Griffiths MD.. (Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 26;9(1):65.)
- Significant Increase in Depression in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis.. Zhao S, Wu W, Kang R, Wang X.. (Front Psychiatry. 2021 Aug 5;12:686514.)
- Dysmenorrhea increased the risk of postpartum depression in Chinese Han parturients.. Meng L, Li J, Cheng Y, Wei T, Du Y, Peng S.. (Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 12;9(1):16579.)
- Genome-wide association analysis of pain severity in dysmenorrhea identifies association at chromosome 1p13.2, near the nerve growth factor locus.. Jones, A. V., Hockley, J. R., Hyde, C., Gorman, D., Sredic-Rhodes, A., Bilsland, J., McMurray, G., Furlotte, N. A., Hu, Y., Hinds, D. A., Cox, P. J., & Scollen, S. (2016).. (Pain, 157(11), 2571.)
- Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations.. Dawood MY.. (Drugs. 1981 Jul;22(1):42-56)
- Associations between dysmenorrhea symptom-based phenotypes and vaginal microbiome: A pilot study. Chen, C. X., Carpenter, J. S., Gao, X., Toh, E., Dong, Q., Nelson, D. E., Mitchell, C., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2021).. (Nursing Research, 70(4), 248-255.)
- To explore the mechanism of acupoint application in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea by 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics.. Wang, L., Li, T., Cao, W., Zhao, J., Xu, X., Chai, J., Zhang, J., Liu, J., & Wang, F. (2024).. (Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1397402.)
- Genome-wide association analysis of pain severity in dysmenorrhea identifies association at chromosome 1p13.2, near the nerve growth factor locus.. Jones, A. V., Hockley, J. R., Hyde, C., Gorman, D., Sredic-Rhodes, A., Bilsland, J., McMurray, G., Furlotte, N. A., Hu, Y., Hinds, D. A., Cox, P. J., & Scollen, S. (2016).. (Pain, 157(11), 2571.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations.. Dawood MY.. (Drugs. 1981 Jul;22(1):42-56)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- The Efficacy of Zinc Administration in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea.. Teimoori B, Ghasemi M, Hoseini ZS, Razavi M.. (Oman Med J. 2016 Mar;31(2):107-11.)
- Efficacy of Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hsu TJ, Hsieh RH, Huang CH, Chen CS, Lin WY, Huang YC, Lin JH, Huang KT, Liu YL, Tsai HM, Ho DR.. (Nutrients. 2024 Nov 28;16(23):4116.)
- Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage.. Fang, L., Gu, C., Liu, X., Xie, J., Hou, Z., Tian, M., Yin, J., Li, A., & Li, Y. (2017).. (Molecular Medicine Reports, 15(3), 1043-1050.)
- Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage.. Fang, L., Gu, C., Liu, X., Xie, J., Hou, Z., Tian, M., Yin, J., Li, A., & Li, Y. (2017).. (Molecular Medicine Reports, 15(3), 1043-1050.)
- The effect of vitamin D on the severity of dysmenorrhea and menstrual blood loss: a randomized clinical trial.. Amzajerdi, A., Keshavarz, M., Ghorbali, E. et al.. (BMC Women's Health 23, 138 (2023).)
- Vitamin Effects in Primary Dysmenorrhea.. Matsas, A., Sachinidis, A., Lamprinou, M., Stamoula, E., & Christopoulos, P. (2023).. (Life, 13(6), 1308.)
- The role of probiotics in improving menstrual health in women with primary dysmenorrhoea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the PERIOD study).. Zakaria IA, Mohammed Zain NA, Teik CK, Abu MA, Zainuddin AA, Abdul Aziz NH, Safian N, Mohd Mokhtar N, Raja Ali RA, Beng Kwang N, Mohamed Ismail NA, Hamizan MR, Ab Razak WS, Nur Azurah AG.. (Womens Health (Lond). 2024 Jan-Dec;20:17455057241234524.)
- Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 is effective especially on the menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea in endometriosis patients: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.. Itoh, H., Uchida, M., Sashihara, T., Ji, S., Li, J., Tang, Q., Ni, S., Song, L., & Kaminogawa, S. (2010).. (Cytotechnology, 63(2), 153.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Metformin, the Rise of a New Medical Therapy for Endometriosis? A Systematic Review of the Literature.. Major, A. L., Gillon, T. E., Ayoubi, J., & Feki, A. (2021).. (Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 581311.)
- Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical Approach.. Elisa, M. (2021).. (Pharmaceuticals, 14(9), 868.)
- Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical Approach.. Elisa, M. (2021).. (Pharmaceuticals, 14(9), 868.)
- The effects of vitamin D and calcium on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review.. Donayeva A, Amanzholkyzy A, Abdelazim I, Saparbayev S, Nurgaliyeva R, Kaldybayeva A, Zhexenova A, Gubasheva G, Ayaganov D, Samaha I.. (J Med Life. 2023 Nov;16(11):1597-1605.)
- Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.. Chen, Y., Chiang, Y., Lin, Y., Huang, K., Chen, H., Hamdy, N. M., Huang, T., Chang, H., Shieh, T., Huang, Y., & Hsia, S. (2022).. (Nutrients, 15(13), 2830.)
- Nifedipine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Earl RA, Grivell RM.. (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 18;12(12):CD012912.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Acupuncture for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Potential Mechanism from an Anti-Inflammatory Perspective.. Yu WY, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Mu JD, Sun TY, Tian Y, Qian X, Zhang YD.. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009)
- Comparative effectiveness of exercise interventions for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.. Zheng, Q., Huang, G., Cao, W. et al.. (BMC Women's Health 24, 610 (2024).)
- Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Inflammation and Hormonal Modulation.. Yang MY, Chen HY, Ho CH, Huang WC.. (Nutrients. 2025 Feb 9;17(4):622.)
- Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Inflammation and Hormonal Modulation.. Yang MY, Chen HY, Ho CH, Huang WC.. (Nutrients. 2025 Feb 9;17(4):622.)
- Exercise for dysmenorrhoea.. Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, de Manincor MJ, Delshad E.. (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 20;9(9):CD004142)
- Management of dysmenorrhea through yoga: A narrative review. Kanchibhotla D, Subramanian S, Singh D.. (Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2023 Mar 30;4:1107669.)
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.. Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.. (Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.)
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Primary Dysmenorrhea: An Overview.. Elboim-Gabyzon, M., & Kalichman, L. (2020).. (International Journal of Women's Health, 12, 1.)
Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates.Korean J Fam Med. 2022 Mar;43(2):101-10. Epub 2022 Mar 17.
Read ReviewShields, J., & Kho, K. (2021).
Diagnosis and management of primary dysmenorrhea.Contemporary OB/GYN, 61(5), 21-29.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewItani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates.Korean J Fam Med. 2022 Mar;43(2):101-10. Epub 2022 Mar 17.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewItani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates.Korean J Fam Med. 2022 Mar;43(2):101-10. Epub 2022 Mar 17.
Read ReviewDai Y, Luo H, Zhu L, Yang W, Xiang H, Shi Q, Jin P.
Dysmenorrhea pattern in adolescences informing adult endometriosis.BMC Public Health. 2024 Feb 5;24(1):373.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewClemenza S, Vannuccini S, Capezzuoli T, Meleca CI, Pampaloni F, Petraglia F.
Is primary dysmenorrhea a precursor of future endometriosis development?Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021 Apr;37(4):287-293. Epub 2021 Feb 11
Martire, F. G., Piccione, E., Exacoustos, C., & Zupi, E. (2023).
Endometriosis and Adolescence: The Impact of Dysmenorrhea.Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(17), 5624.
Pakpour AH, Kazemi F, Alimoradi Z, Griffiths MD.
Depression, anxiety, stress, and dysmenorrhea: a protocol for a systematic review.Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 26;9(1):65.
Read ReviewZhao S, Wu W, Kang R, Wang X.
Significant Increase in Depression in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2021 Aug 5;12:686514.
Read ReviewMeng L, Li J, Cheng Y, Wei T, Du Y, Peng S.
Dysmenorrhea increased the risk of postpartum depression in Chinese Han parturients.Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 12;9(1):16579.
Read ReviewJones, A. V., Hockley, J. R., Hyde, C., Gorman, D., Sredic-Rhodes, A., Bilsland, J., McMurray, G., Furlotte, N. A., Hu, Y., Hinds, D. A., Cox, P. J., & Scollen, S. (2016).
Genome-wide association analysis of pain severity in dysmenorrhea identifies association at chromosome 1p13.2, near the nerve growth factor locus.Pain, 157(11), 2571.
Read ReviewDawood MY.
Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations.Drugs. 1981 Jul;22(1):42-56
Chen, C. X., Carpenter, J. S., Gao, X., Toh, E., Dong, Q., Nelson, D. E., Mitchell, C., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2021).
Associations between dysmenorrhea symptom-based phenotypes and vaginal microbiome: A pilot studyNursing Research, 70(4), 248-255.
Read ReviewWang, L., Li, T., Cao, W., Zhao, J., Xu, X., Chai, J., Zhang, J., Liu, J., & Wang, F. (2024).
To explore the mechanism of acupoint application in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea by 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics.Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1397402.
Read ReviewJones, A. V., Hockley, J. R., Hyde, C., Gorman, D., Sredic-Rhodes, A., Bilsland, J., McMurray, G., Furlotte, N. A., Hu, Y., Hinds, D. A., Cox, P. J., & Scollen, S. (2016).
Genome-wide association analysis of pain severity in dysmenorrhea identifies association at chromosome 1p13.2, near the nerve growth factor locus.Pain, 157(11), 2571.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewDawood MY.
Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations.Drugs. 1981 Jul;22(1):42-56
Guimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewTeimoori B, Ghasemi M, Hoseini ZS, Razavi M.
The Efficacy of Zinc Administration in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea.Oman Med J. 2016 Mar;31(2):107-11.
Read ReviewHsu TJ, Hsieh RH, Huang CH, Chen CS, Lin WY, Huang YC, Lin JH, Huang KT, Liu YL, Tsai HM, Ho DR.
Efficacy of Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients. 2024 Nov 28;16(23):4116.
Read ReviewFang, L., Gu, C., Liu, X., Xie, J., Hou, Z., Tian, M., Yin, J., Li, A., & Li, Y. (2017).
Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage.Molecular Medicine Reports, 15(3), 1043-1050.
Read ReviewFang, L., Gu, C., Liu, X., Xie, J., Hou, Z., Tian, M., Yin, J., Li, A., & Li, Y. (2017).
Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage.Molecular Medicine Reports, 15(3), 1043-1050.
Read ReviewAmzajerdi, A., Keshavarz, M., Ghorbali, E. et al.
The effect of vitamin D on the severity of dysmenorrhea and menstrual blood loss: a randomized clinical trial.BMC Women's Health 23, 138 (2023).
Matsas, A., Sachinidis, A., Lamprinou, M., Stamoula, E., & Christopoulos, P. (2023).
Vitamin Effects in Primary Dysmenorrhea.Life, 13(6), 1308.
Read ReviewZakaria IA, Mohammed Zain NA, Teik CK, Abu MA, Zainuddin AA, Abdul Aziz NH, Safian N, Mohd Mokhtar N, Raja Ali RA, Beng Kwang N, Mohamed Ismail NA, Hamizan MR, Ab Razak WS, Nur Azurah AG.
The role of probiotics in improving menstrual health in women with primary dysmenorrhoea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the PERIOD study).Womens Health (Lond). 2024 Jan-Dec;20:17455057241234524.
Read ReviewItoh, H., Uchida, M., Sashihara, T., Ji, S., Li, J., Tang, Q., Ni, S., Song, L., & Kaminogawa, S. (2010).
Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 is effective especially on the menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea in endometriosis patients: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Cytotechnology, 63(2), 153.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewMajor, A. L., Gillon, T. E., Ayoubi, J., & Feki, A. (2021).
Metformin, the Rise of a New Medical Therapy for Endometriosis? A Systematic Review of the Literature.Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 581311.
Read ReviewElisa, M. (2021).
Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical Approach.Pharmaceuticals, 14(9), 868.
Read ReviewElisa, M. (2021).
Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical Approach.Pharmaceuticals, 14(9), 868.
Read ReviewDonayeva A, Amanzholkyzy A, Abdelazim I, Saparbayev S, Nurgaliyeva R, Kaldybayeva A, Zhexenova A, Gubasheva G, Ayaganov D, Samaha I.
The effects of vitamin D and calcium on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review.J Med Life. 2023 Nov;16(11):1597-1605.
Read ReviewChen, Y., Chiang, Y., Lin, Y., Huang, K., Chen, H., Hamdy, N. M., Huang, T., Chang, H., Shieh, T., Huang, Y., & Hsia, S. (2022).
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Nutrients, 15(13), 2830.
Read ReviewEarl RA, Grivell RM.
Nifedipine for primary dysmenorrhoeaCochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 18;12(12):CD012912.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewYu WY, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Mu JD, Sun TY, Tian Y, Qian X, Zhang YD.
Acupuncture for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Potential Mechanism from an Anti-Inflammatory Perspective.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009
Read ReviewZheng, Q., Huang, G., Cao, W. et al.
Comparative effectiveness of exercise interventions for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC Women's Health 24, 610 (2024).
Read ReviewYang MY, Chen HY, Ho CH, Huang WC.
Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Inflammation and Hormonal Modulation.Nutrients. 2025 Feb 9;17(4):622.
Read ReviewYang MY, Chen HY, Ho CH, Huang WC.
Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Inflammation and Hormonal Modulation.Nutrients. 2025 Feb 9;17(4):622.
Read ReviewArmour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, de Manincor MJ, Delshad E.
Exercise for dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 20;9(9):CD004142
Read ReviewKanchibhotla D, Subramanian S, Singh D.
Management of dysmenorrhea through yoga: A narrative reviewFront Pain Res (Lausanne). 2023 Mar 30;4:1107669.
Read ReviewGuimarães I, Póvoa AM.
Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment.Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020 Aug;42(8):501-507. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Read ReviewElboim-Gabyzon, M., & Kalichman, L. (2020).
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Primary Dysmenorrhea: An Overview.International Journal of Women's Health, 12, 1.