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Overview 
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FAQs 
Research Feed 
References
Divine Aleru
Used in single-dose or short-course regimens, tinidazole combines potent efficacy with a microbiome-centered approach to infection and dysbiosis.
Tinidazole
Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole antimicrobial that selectively targets anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, reshaping the gut ecosystem by depleting pathogenic anaerobes while preserving commensals. Clinically validated for giardiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and colorectal surgery prophylaxis. Its NA-disrupting and biofilm-penetrating actions reduce inflammatory triggers and create niches for healthy microbiota to rebound.
Divine Aleru
Overview
Tinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent with potent activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is bactericidal at low concentrations, making it a mainstay for protozoal infections and anaerobic bacterial prophylaxis.[1] Its selective anaerobic targeting offers opportunities to modulate gut microbial communities by depleting pathogenic anaerobes and facilitating beneficial recolonization. Its growing relevance in microbiome-targeted intervention stems from its ability to disrupt pathogenic biofilms, modulate gut ecosystem dynamics, and reduce inflammatory triggers without completely sterilizing the microbiome.[2]
Mechanisms of Action
Tinidazole acts as a prodrug that, under anaerobic conditions, is reduced to reactive nitro radicals. These radicals bind to microbial DNA, causing strand breakage and cell death.[3][4] Beyond its direct antimicrobial action, tinidazole has shown the ability to penetrate and disrupt biofilms, structures that protect pathogenic bacteria and fungi, by altering the microbial extracellular matrix. Through the depletion of anaerobic organisms, tinidazole indirectly influences gut luminal pH and reduces systemic inflammatory triggers such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Although not a direct immune modulator, these shifts can downregulate proinflammatory pathways, contributing to broader gut and systemic health benefits.
What is the mechanism of action of Tinidazole?
| Mechanism | Details |
|---|---|
| DNA Damage via Nitro Radicals | Under anaerobic conditions, tinidazole undergoes reduction to reactive nitro radicals that covalently bind microbial DNA, causing strand breaks and cell death.[5] |
| Biofilm Penetration | In BV, tinidazole has demonstrated efficacy against Gardnerella-dominated biofilms, suggesting it plays a role in helping to penetrate extracellular polymeric matrices more effectively than earlier agents. While tinidazole may not fully destroy or eradicate biofilms, it primarily targets the bacteria within the biofilm, disrupting their DNA.[6] |
| Microbiome Modulation & pH Effects | By depleting anaerobic taxa (e.g., Bacteroides, Clostridium), tinidazole reduces short-chain fatty acid production and LPS burden, leading to transient shifts in luminal pH and downstream immune signaling.[7] |
| Selective Ecological Impact | Perioperative intravenous tinidazole causes pronounced shifts in aerobic and anaerobic gut flora, with enterococci and streptococci proliferation during therapy and anaerobe rebound post-treatment.[8] Oral tinidazole produces only minor long-term colonic microflora perturbations, compared to clindamycin or erythromycin.[9][10] |
Microbial Implications
Tinidazole’s impact on the gut ecosystem combines direct eradication of anaerobic pathogens with secondary shifts that can reshape community structure and immune signalling. Tinidazole is an effective antimicrobial agent that can target the bacteria within biofilms, reducing their viability and potentially leading to biofilm dispersal. By selectively depleting LPS-rich anaerobes, it transiently lowers pro-inflammatory stimuli and opens ecological niches for beneficial taxa to recolonize.
What are the microbial implications of Tinidazole?
| Microbial Implications | Details |
|---|---|
| Antibacterial | Tinidazole has bactericidal against anaerobes. Itsignificantly reduces obligate anaerobes, including Gardnerella spp. implicated in BV biofilm formation, leading to high cure rates even without directly degrading extracellular matrix component.[11][12] |
| Anti-inflammatory | In murine models of antigen- and hapten-induced dermatitis, topical tinidazole ointment significantly inhibited both immediate and late-phase ear edema reactions, as well as trinitrochlorobenzene-evoked inflammation and IgE-mediated responses, demonstrating clear anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties in skin inflammation.[13] |
| Immunomodulatory | An oral dose of tinidazole in healthy volunteers transiently suppressed Concanavalin A–induced lymphocyte blast transformation at 2 hours post-dose without altering other cellular immune parameters, suggesting reversible modulation of T-cell activation, possibly via lectin receptor interference on lymphocyte surfaces.[14] |
Conditions
Tinidazole’s applications span both established antimicrobials and emerging microbiome-centric uses. Validated indications are supported by multiple RCTs, guideline endorsements, or robust perioperative data, whereas Promising uses rest on mechanistic rationale and small pilot series awaiting larger trials.
| Condition | Validation Status |
|---|---|
| Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) | Validated as a Microbiome-targeted intervention (MBTI) for the treatment of Bacterial vaginosis.[15][16] Multiple trials demonstrate high cure rates and reduced recurrence with tinidazole therapy in combination with probiotics.[17] |
| Giardia Infection | Single-dose tinidazole achieves >90% cure rates with sustained clearance. [18] |
| Colorectal Surgery Prophylaxis | Perioperative tinidazole prophylaxis significantly lowers postoperative infection, with transient anaerobic suppression [19] |
Clinical Evidence
Clinical investigations consistently highlight tinidazole’s versatility across both established and emerging indications. In colorectal surgery prophylaxis, perioperative IV tinidazole markedly reduced postoperative infection rates with only transient perturbations in anaerobic counts.[20] In BV, tinidazole matches metronidazole in cure rates and reduces recurrence, an effect further enhanced by concurrent administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1/L. reuteri RC-14 probiotics.[21][22] For giardiasis, tinidazole delivers superior parasitological clearance and patient adherence compared to metronidazole, with network meta-analysis confirming a significant relative cure benefit.[23]
Dosage
Tinidazole dosing varies by indication but follows well-established clinical protocols. For giardiasis, a single oral dose of up to 2g is WHO-recommended and achieves cure rates > 90 %.[24] In bacterial vaginosis, either 2 g once daily for two days or 1g daily for five days matches metronidazole’s efficacy with shorter or equally convenient courses.[25] Off-label SIBO regimens use 500 mg twice daily over 7–10 days, often paired with probiotics to support post-antibiotic recolonization. For colorectal surgery prophylaxis, intravenous tinidazole (800 mg at induction then 400 mg every 12 hours for two days) significantly reduces postoperative infections.[26]
Safety
Tinidazole therapy is generally well-tolerated compared to other 5-nitroimidazole.[27][28] The common adverse events include nausea, metallic taste, headaches, and dizziness. Rare serious effects include peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia and they occur primarily with prolonged use.[29] Contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy, breastfeeding, and nitroimidazole hypersensitivity. Its focused anaerobic targeting limits broad dysbiosis, but post-treatment probiotic support is advised to mitigate transient microbiome perturbations.
FAQs
How does tinidazole’s pharmacokinetic profile compare to metronidazole, and what does this mean for patient adherence?
How does tinidazole’s pharmacokinetic profile compare to metronidazole, and what does this mean for patient adherence?
Tinidazole has a longer elimination half-life (12–14 hours) versus metronidazole’s 6–8 hours, maintaining therapeutic plasma levels for up to 48 hours after a single 2g dose. This allows once-daily or single-dose regimens that match or exceed metronidazole’s efficacy while significantly improving adherence in outpatient settings, as demonstrated by 94 % single-dose cure rates in giardiasis versus 56 % with multi-day metronidazole courses.
What monitoring is recommended during tinidazole therapy?
What monitoring is recommended during tinidazole therapy?
For short courses (≤10 days), routine laboratory monitoring isn’t required. However, if use extends beyond two weeks or in at-risk populations, baseline and periodic liver function tests and complete blood counts are advised to detect hepatotoxicity or neutropenia. Patients should also be counseled to report any new peripheral neuropathy symptoms (e.g., numbness, tingling), as long-term nitroimidazole use can rarely cause reversible neuropathies.
Research Feed
Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
This review assesses the use of tinidazole for treating bacterial vaginosis, comparing its efficacy, side effects, and cost to metronidazole. It highlights tinidazole’s favorable side effect profile and its role in treating recurrent BV.
What was studied?
The study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of tinidazole in treating bacterial vaginosis (BV) and compared different dosing regimens. It specifically examined the use of tinidazole in comparison with placebo, focusing on its impact on cure rates and recurrence prevention. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and microbial susceptibility of tinidazole in the context of BV treatment were assessed.
Who was studied?
The study involved patients diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis, and it included women treated with tinidazole to evaluate its efficacy. Various groups were compared, including those receiving different doses of tinidazole and a placebo group.
What were the most important findings?
The study found that tinidazole demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of BV, with cure rates notably higher in the tinidazole groups compared to placebo. Specifically, the 2 g single-dose regimen was shown to be more effective than placebo, but there was no significant difference in efficacy between tinidazole given in a 2-day regimen versus a single 2 g dose. Moreover, the research revealed that the drug's antimicrobial activity extended beyond typical BV-associated pathogens like Gardnerella vaginalis to other anaerobic species. However, resistance was noted in 54% of G. vaginalis isolates and 96% of Lactobacillus isolates, indicating the complex dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in BV. The study also evaluated the safety profile of tinidazole, showing that it was generally well-tolerated compared to other treatments like metronidazole, with fewer gastrointestinal side effects.
What are the greatest implications of this study?
The study suggests that tinidazole is a viable alternative to metronidazole for BV treatment, especially for recurrent cases where metronidazole may have limited effectiveness. The findings support the use of tinidazole in patients who have not responded well to first-line treatments and indicate that it may be a useful agent for reducing recurrence, particularly when administered with proper dosing regimens. Moreover, tinidazole's action against G. vaginalis and other anaerobes reinforces the need to understand microbial resistance patterns when treating BV, highlighting the complexity of the vaginal microbiome. These results could encourage clinicians to adopt tinidazole more frequently in clinical practice, particularly for cases where standard therapies fail.
Treatment of Giardiasis
January 1, 2001
This review established metronidazole as the standard treatment for giardiasis, highlighting its microbial mechanism, resistance patterns, and microbiome-disruptive potential. The authors call for individualized, microbiome-aware therapy that balances efficacy with host-microbial homeostasis.
What was reviewed?
The paper provided a comprehensive and critical review of the therapeutic landscape for giardiasis. The authors summarized clinical trial data, mechanistic insights, and clinical decision frameworks for various antigiardial agents. They reviewed nitroimidazoles, furazolidone, quinacrine, and emerging or experimental therapeutics. This review emphasized not only efficacy and safety but also the pharmacokinetics, resistance mechanisms, special situations, and comparative effectiveness across populations and settings.
Who was reviewed?
The review synthesized evidence from a wide array of clinical trials, in vitro studies, in vivo animal models, and epidemiologic surveillance data, encompassing adults and children with symptomatic or asymptomatic giardiasis. Studies spanned global contexts, including both developed and resource-limited settings. It drew on research involving drug-resistant Giardia isolates, treatment failures, and vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. The review also incorporated evaluations of antimicrobial susceptibility assays and strain-specific drug responses.
What were the most important findings?
Metronidazole kills Giardia lamblia trophozoites through reductive activation under anaerobic conditions, which generates cytotoxic radicals that damage DNA. This action requires parasite-specific enzymes like ferredoxin and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which are often downregulated in resistant strains. However, metronidazole also perturbs gut redox balance and may damage beneficial microbial species, suggesting microbiome-disruptive potential.
The authors noted that short-course, high-dose regimens had lower efficacy than standard 5–7 day courses, especially in children. Other agents like tinidazole and ornidazole, while more effective in single doses, were not FDA-approved in the U.S. The review emphasized that treatment efficacy varies depending on host immunity, drug resistance, and Giardia genotype, making standardized treatment complex.
Clinically, drug resistance, particularly in recurrent giardiasis, often results from changes in metabolic enzyme activity or drug uptake. Importantly for microbiome-focused clinicians, the review acknowledged that giardiasis can induce malabsorption, mucosal inflammation, and post-treatment lactose intolerance, which may reflect broader dysbiosis and immune activation. The authors cited data showing that metronidazole-resistant infections often respond to combination therapies, especially metronidazole plus quinacrine, or a switch to a different drug class such as albendazole or paromomycin.
What are the implications of this review?
This review underscores metronidazole’s therapeutic dominance but also highlights its limitations related to microbiome disruption, potential toxicity, and resistance. The mechanistic detail around its activation through anaerobic metabolism and interaction with DNA provides a rationale for microbial selectivity and host side effects, including the potential for dysbiosis. The findings suggest that clinicians must carefully balance treatment efficacy with microbiome preservation, particularly in cases of asymptomatic infection, pediatric care, and long-term gut health.
Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14
This study shows that oral probiotics significantly boost cure rates of bacterial vaginosis when used with tinidazole, restoring a healthy vaginal microbiome.
What Was Studied?
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigated whether the combination of a single 2g dose of tinidazole and daily oral probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14) improved bacterial vaginosis (BV) cure rates in women, compared to tinidazole alone. BV, a condition characterized by dysbiosis in the vaginal microbiome and reduction of protective Lactobacillus species, has shown poor long-term response to antibiotic treatment alone. The study aimed to determine if probiotic supplementation could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of tinidazole by restoring a more favorable microbial balance.
Who Was Studied?
Sixty-four Brazilian women diagnosed with BV based on Amsel’s criteria and Nugent scoring participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to either a placebo group or a probiotic group, both of which received the same tinidazole dose. The probiotic group also received daily capsules containing L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 for four weeks. Women with other vaginal infections, recent antibiotic use, or immunosuppression were excluded. The trial assessed both subjective symptoms and microbiological cure at the end of the treatment period.
What Were the Most Important Findings?
At the end of the four-week treatment, the probiotic group exhibited a significantly higher cure rate compared to the placebo group as measured by Amsel’s criteria and Nugent score. Women in the probiotic group were assessed with “normal” vaginal microbiota based on Gram stain, compared to the placebo group. Importantly, the study also noted reduced BV-associated microbial morphotypes (Gram-variable rods, curved anaerobes) and a statistically significant improvement in key clinical indicators, including pH, discharge, and odor in the probiotic group. While both groups used tinidazole, the probiotics played a key role in enhancing microbiota restoration. Notably, the probiotic strains used in the study are known for producing biosurfactants, bacteriocins, and signaling molecules that can disrupt pathogenic biofilms, particularly those formed by Gardnerella vaginalis. This mechanism may explain their strong microbiome-modulating effect.
What Are the Greatest Implications of This Study?
This study provides robust clinical evidence supporting the adjunctive use of probiotics with antibiotics to treat BV and improve microbiota restoration. By demonstrating that oral administration of specific Lactobacillus strains significantly improves cure rates and promotes a return to healthy vaginal flora, the study bridges microbiome science with practical gynecological care. Clinicians managing recurrent or treatment-resistant BV can consider integrating targeted probiotic strains to reduce recurrence and enhance long-term remission. Additionally, the study underscores the need for strain-specific probiotic selection, given the inconsistent outcomes with nonspecific lactobacilli. The use of probiotics also holds promise in preserving drug efficacy and reducing the need for prolonged antibiotic exposure, which aligns with antimicrobial stewardship principles and microbiome health preservation.
Tinidazole in Anaerobic Infections
This review evaluates tinidazole's antibacterial efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and clinical utility in anaerobic infections, highlighting its broad-spectrum activity and potential microbiome implications.
What Was Reviewed?
The article offers a comprehensive evaluation of tinidazole, a nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent. The review delves into its antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability, particularly emphasizing its role in managing anaerobic infections. The authors systematically assess tinidazole's in vitro activity against obligate anaerobes, its pharmacological behavior in humans, and its therapeutic outcomes in both prophylactic and treatment settings.
Who Was Reviewed?
This review synthesizes data from various clinical studies and trials involving diverse patient populations subjected to tinidazole treatment. The populations include individuals undergoing elective colorectal and gynecological surgeries, patients with established anaerobic infections, and those receiving tinidazole for prophylactic purposes. The review encompasses findings from both controlled and observational studies, providing a broad perspective on tinidazole's clinical applications across different demographics and clinical scenarios.
What were the most important findings?
Tinidazole exhibits potent in vitro activity against a broad range of obligate anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium species, and Clostridium species, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) typically around 1 µg/ml. The drug demonstrates bactericidal properties, with its efficacy being consistent across various culture media and relatively unaffected by inoculum size, although some variability exists with certain strains like Bacteroides melaninogenicus.
Pharmacokinetically, tinidazole is well-absorbed orally, achieving peak plasma concentrations within 0.5 to 2 hours post-administration and maintaining therapeutic levels for extended periods, which supports its suitability for both single-dose prophylaxis and sustained treatment regimens. Clinically, tinidazole has shown effectiveness in reducing postoperative anaerobic infections when administered prophylactically before surgeries, such as colorectal and gynecological procedures. However, the evidence from double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, particularly in gynecological surgery, remains equivocal, indicating a need for further research to establish definitive conclusions.
What are the greatest implications of this review?
The review underscores tinidazole's efficacy as a therapeutic agent against anaerobic infections, highlighting its favorable pharmacokinetic profile and broad-spectrum activity. For clinicians, tinidazole presents as a viable option for both prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in anaerobic infections. However, the variability in clinical trial outcomes, especially concerning prophylactic use in gynecological surgeries, calls for cautious application and further investigation. Additionally, the potential implications on the microbiome warrant consideration, advocating for strategies that mitigate dysbiosis, such as adjunctive probiotic therapy or targeted antimicrobial stewardship, to preserve microbial homeostasis during treatment.
Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilms: Challenges to Current Therapies and Emerging Solutions
This review discusses bacterial vaginosis, biofilm formation, and emerging therapies targeting biofilms for more effective BV treatments.
What was reviewed?
The paper provides a comprehensive review of bacterial vaginosis (BV), its association with biofilm formation, and challenges related to current treatment strategies. The review explores the microbial composition of BV, focusing on the primary pathogen, Gardnerella vaginalis, and the complex nature of BV biofilms, which contribute to the high recurrence rates of the infection. The review presents emerging therapeutic alternatives targeting BV biofilms, including natural antimicrobial agents and biofilm disruptors.
Who was reviewed?
The review examined various studies, clinical trials, and scientific literature that explored the microbial nature of bacterial vaginosis (BV), focusing on biofilm formation and its implications for treatment. It also reviewed the role of G. vaginalis and other anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of BV, along with current and emerging treatment strategies targeting these biofilms. The review synthesized information from studies that investigated the efficacy of traditional therapies, such as metronidazole and clindamycin, as well as novel biofilm-disrupting agents like DNases, probiotics, and plant-derived antimicrobials.
What were the most important findings?
The review emphasizes the polymicrobial nature of bacterial vaginosis, with a marked decrease in beneficial lactobacilli species and an increase in anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus spp., Bacteroides spp., and Prevotella spp. A major highlight of the paper is the critical role of biofilms in BV pathogenesis, as these microbial communities exhibit significant resistance to conventional antibiotic treatments like metronidazole. This biofilm formation creates a dense matrix that protects the bacteria from immune system clearance and limits the effectiveness of standard therapies. Biofilms composed primarily of G. vaginalis are particularly resilient, contributing to treatment failure and the recurrence of BV. The review further discusses how researchers are exploring novel therapies, such as DNases, retrocyclins, probiotics, and plant-derived antimicrobials, to overcome biofilm-related antibiotic resistance. The paper also identifies the need for more research into multi-species biofilm interactions to develop more effective treatments for BV.
What are the implications of this review?
The implications of this review are significant for the clinical management of BV. The findings highlight the need for new treatment strategies that can specifically target biofilms, which are a major obstacle to the eradication of BV. Given the high recurrence rates of BV despite current antibiotic therapies, exploring alternative treatments that can disrupt biofilm structures, such as biofilm disruptors and natural antimicrobials, is essential. Clinicians may benefit from being aware of emerging treatments that could offer better outcomes, particularly for recurrent BV cases that do not respond well to standard treatments. Additionally, the review underscores the importance of considering the entire microbiome, including lactobacilli, when developing treatment plans to ensure that therapies do not disrupt the beneficial microbial community, which is crucial for vaginal health.
References
- Tinidazole in Anaerobic Infections. Carmine, A.A., Brogden, R.N., Heel, R.C. et al.. (Drugs 24, 85–117 (1982))
- Microbiological properties of tinidazole: spectrum, activity and ecological considerations. Carl Erik Nord. (Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 10, Issue suppl_A, 1982, Pages 35–42,)
- Tinidazole--microbiology, pharmacology and efficacy in anaerobic infections. C E Nord, L Kager. (Infection . 1983 Jan-Feb;11(1):54-60.)
- Tinidazole in Anaerobic Infections. Carmine, A.A., Brogden, R.N., Heel, R.C. et al.. (Drugs 24, 85–117 (1982))
- Tinidazole--microbiology, pharmacology and efficacy in anaerobic infections. C E Nord, L Kager. (Infection . 1983 Jan-Feb;11(1):54-60.)
- Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilms: Challenges to Current Therapies and Emerging Solutions. Machado D, Castro J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Cerca N.. (Front Microbiol. 2016 Jan 20;6:1528.)
- Tinidazole in Anaerobic Infections. Carmine, A.A., Brogden, R.N., Heel, R.C. et al.. (Drugs 24, 85–117 (1982))
- The impact of different antimicrobial agents on the normal gastrointestinal microflora of humans. C E Nord, A Heimdahl, L Kager, A S Malmborg. (Rev Infect Dis . 1984 Mar-Apr:6 Suppl 1:S270-5.)
- Tinidazole--microbiology, pharmacology and efficacy in anaerobic infections. C E Nord, L Kager. (Infection . 1983 Jan-Feb;11(1):54-60.)
- Effect of tinidazole prophylaxis on the normal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. L Kager, I Ljungdahl, A S Malmborg, C E Nord. (Scand J Infect Dis Suppl . 1981:26:84-91.)
- Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Martinez, Rafael & Franceschini, Silvio & Patta, M.C. & Quintana, Silvana & Gomes, Bruna & Martinis, Elaine & Reid, Gregor. (2009). (Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 55. 133-138)
- Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Armstrong NR, Wilson JD.. (Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 9;1:59-65.)
- Effects of metronidazole and tinidazole ointments on models for inflammatory dermatitis in mice. K. Nishimuta, Y. Ito. (Arch Dermatol Res . 2003 Mar;294(12):544-51.)
- Effect of tinidazole on the cellular immune response. L González, M Frajman, E Sáenz, R Boza, H Bolaños. (J Antimicrob Chemother . 1986 Oct;18(4):499-502)
- Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilms: Challenges to Current Therapies and Emerging Solutions. Machado D, Castro J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Cerca N.. (Front Microbiol. 2016 Jan 20;6:1528.)
- Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Armstrong NR, Wilson JD.. (Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 9;1:59-65.)
- Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Martinez, Rafael & Franceschini, Silvio & Patta, M.C. & Quintana, Silvana & Gomes, Bruna & Martinis, Elaine & Reid, Gregor. (2009). (Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 55. 133-138)
- Treatment of giardiasis. Gardner TB, Hill DR.. (Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):114-28.)
- Effect of tinidazole prophylaxis on the normal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. L Kager, I Ljungdahl, A S Malmborg, C E Nord. (Scand J Infect Dis Suppl . 1981:26:84-91.)
- Effect of tinidazole prophylaxis on the normal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. L Kager, I Ljungdahl, A S Malmborg, C E Nord. (Scand J Infect Dis Suppl . 1981:26:84-91.)
- Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Armstrong NR, Wilson JD.. (Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 9;1:59-65.)
- Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Martinez, Rafael & Franceschini, Silvio & Patta, M.C. & Quintana, Silvana & Gomes, Bruna & Martinis, Elaine & Reid, Gregor. (2009). (Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 55. 133-138)
- Treatment of giardiasis. Gardner TB, Hill DR.. (Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):114-28.)
- Treatment of giardiasis. Gardner TB, Hill DR.. (Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):114-28.)
- Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Martinez, Rafael & Franceschini, Silvio & Patta, M.C. & Quintana, Silvana & Gomes, Bruna & Martinis, Elaine & Reid, Gregor. (2009). (Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 55. 133-138)
- Effect of tinidazole prophylaxis on the normal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. L Kager, I Ljungdahl, A S Malmborg, C E Nord. (Scand J Infect Dis Suppl . 1981:26:84-91.)
- Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Armstrong NR, Wilson JD.. (Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 9;1:59-65.)
- Efficacy and safety of different drugs for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gu, Y., Xian, Y., Li, Q., He, Y., Chen, K., Yu, H., Deng, H., Xiong, L., Cui, Z., Yang, Y., & Xiang, Y. (2024). (Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 14, 1402346.)
- Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Armstrong NR, Wilson JD.. (Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 9;1:59-65.)