2024-03-28 16:27:22
Nickel majorpublished
Did you know?
Nickel is essential for the virulence of many pathogens, but not a single human enzyme requires it. This makes nickel metabolism a unique microbial vulnerability and a promising antimicrobial target.
Bacteria regulate transition metal levels through complex mechanisms to ensure survival and adaptability, influencing both their physiology and the development of antimicrobial strategies.
Karen Pendergrass is a microbiome researcher specializing in microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs). She systematically analyzes scientific literature to identify microbial patterns, develop hypotheses, and validate interventions. As the founder of the Microbiome Signatures Database, she bridges microbiome research with clinical practice. In 2012, based on her own investigative research, she became the first documented case of FMT for Celiac Disease—four years before the first published case study.
Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
Karen Pendergrass is a microbiome researcher specializing in microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs). She systematically analyzes scientific literature to identify microbial patterns, develop hypotheses, and validate interventions. As the founder of the Microbiome Signatures Database, she bridges microbiome research with clinical practice. In 2012, based on her own investigative research, she became the first documented case of FMT for Celiac Disease—four years before the first published case study.
Nickel (Ni) is a ubiquitous trace metal present in soil, water, foods, and many consumer products.[1] In humans, nickel has been commonly associated with hypersensitivity reactions, particularly nickel-induced contact dermatitis. Recent studies have suggested that nickel hypersensitivity might be linked to conditions such as endometriosis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While it has no known essential biochemical role in humans, it is required by numerous microorganisms for key enzymes that influence metabolism and virulence.[2] Understanding these mechanisms opens pathways for potential therapeutic interventions, such as targeting nickel acquisition or the activity of these enzymes to limit pathogen survival and virulence, and improve host health.
Many pathogenic microbes rely on Ni as a cofactor for enzymes that enhance their survival and virulence. In fact, at least 39 major bacterial and 9 eukaryotic pathogens are known to require Ni for various enzymes – including urease, [NiFe] hydrogenase, Ni-dependent glyoxalase I (Ni-GloI), acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD), and Ni-superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD) – whereas human hosts do not require Ni for any enzyme.[4] This host-pathogen disparity presents a therapeutic opportunity: selective nickel sequestration—by targeting the pathogen’s unique reliance on Ni-dependent enzymes—disrupts microbial virulence while sparing host physiology, exemplifying a precise and effective form of metallomic targeting.[5] Key Ni-dependent microbial pathways include:
Ni-dependent microbial pathways | Function |
---|---|
Urease | Urease is a Ni-dependent enzyme essential for acid neutralization in H. pylori, Proteus, and Klebsiella, enabling colonization of the stomach or urinary tract. In H. pylori, urease (and Ni–Fe hydrogenase) is so critical that standard therapy may fail if nickel is abundant. A pilot trial found that adding a Ni-free diet to triple therapy increased eradication rates from 46% to 85% (22/26 vs. 12/26, p<0.01). The mechanism is Ni restriction suppressing urease, lowering pH resistance and boosting antibiotic efficacy.[6] |
[NiFe] Hydrogenase | [NiFe] hydrogenase is a Ni-dependent enzyme that enables H. pylori and Salmonella to use H₂ as an energy source and is a documented virulence factor.[7] In H. pylori, this enzyme promotes gastric colonization and growth, while ∆hyd mutants show reduced colonization (24% vs. 100%) and fail to translocate the CagA oncoprotein or induce cancer in models.[8] A low-nickel diet suppresses this pathway by depriving hydrogenase of Ni, forcing H. pylori to triage Ni between hydrogenase and urease, potentially attenuating H. pylori’s acid resistance and virulence, simultaneously.[9] |
Acireductone Dioxygenase (ARD) | Acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) is a methionine salvage enzyme that uses either Fe²⁺ or Ni²⁺, generating different products: Ni-ARD produces toxic CO and methylthiopropionate, while Fe-ARD yields formate and a methionine precursor. Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and other γ-proteobacteria, including Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter, predominantly encode Ni-ARD, which is absent in eukaryotes. LNiD may shift ARD activity toward the less virulent Fe-bound form or impair ARD entirely, disrupting methionine salvage and bacterial signaling.[10] |
Ni-Glyoxalase I (Ni-GloI) | Ni-Glyoxalase I (Ni-GloI) detoxifies methylglyoxal, a toxic byproduct, and is used by many pathogens including E. coli, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Yersinia, and Clostridium. Unlike the Zn²⁺-dependent form found in humans, these microbes rely on Ni-GloI for survival under stress. Disrupting Ni-GloI impairs detoxification and viability, as shown in Leishmania. LNiD may reduce microbial stress tolerance by limiting Ni and re-sensitizing pathogens to their own metabolic toxins.[11] |
Ni-Superoxide Dismutase (Ni-SOD) | Ni-Superoxide Dismutase (Ni-SOD) is a rare SOD variant found in some bacteria, such as Streptomyces spp., but not in mammals. It enables pathogens to resist oxidative bursts from immune cells. While most pathogens use Mn- or Fe-SOD, some, like Streptomyces scabies, rely specifically on Ni-SOD . LNiD may impair these pathogens’ antioxidant defenses by limiting Ni availability, reducing their resistance to host immunity. [12] |
Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance | Chronic nickel exposure promotes bacterial adaptation via increased adhesion, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance, as shown in E. coli and others. Nickel acts as a stress signal that upregulates biofilm-related genes, enhancing microbial protection. Conversely, a low-nickel diet may reduce biofilm formation by lowering Ni availability, shifting the gut microbiota away from Ni-tolerant, drug-resistant opportunists and favoring benign commensals. [13] |
Methanogenic Archaea | Methanogenic archaea such as Methanobrevibacter smithii, linked to constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome IBS, require Ni-containing enzymes like methyl-coenzyme M reductase with the F430 cofactor for methanogenesis. Ni is essential for their growth, and excess Ni may drive methane production, slowing gut transit and causing bloating. A low-nickel diet suppresses these archaea and reduce methane-associated GI symptoms, though clinical evidence is still emerging. [14] |
Nickel plays a crucial role in the virulence of certain pathogens due to its necessity for enzymes like ureases and hydrogenases, yet its scarcity in the host environment poses a challenge for microbial acquisition. This scarcity is a function of nutritional immunity, where the host limits access to metals such as iron, zinc, and, nickel to suppress pathogen growth. Host defense proteins like calprotectin, lactoferrin, and hepcidin contribute to this metal sequestration, particularly at sites of inflammation where neutrophils release these proteins. Notably, calprotectin, traditionally known for zinc binding, has been shown to preferentially bind nickel at its hexahistidine site, effectively inhibiting nickel-dependent enzymatic activity in pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. [15] This interaction highlights a critical mechanism by which host defenses limit microbial virulence and presents a promising target for novel antimicrobial strategies.
Agent | Findings and Implications |
---|---|
Lactoferrin | Lactoferrin, a multifunctional globular protein, exhibits antimicrobial activity partly through iron chelation. Notably, its histidine and tyrosine residues also enable it to bind other metals, including nickel. [16] This suggests lactoferrin may impair nickel-dependent pathogens by sequestering nickel, extending its utility beyond iron-targeted antimicrobial effects. Its therapeutic potential may include treatment of infections involving nickel-reliant enzymes (e.g., ureases, hydrogenases), positioning it as a dual-action antimicrobial agent. |
Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) | Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) is a high-affinity nickel chelator that has demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting nickel-dependent enzymes such as hydrogenases and ureases. In preclinical models, it significantly reduced virulence and colonization of multidrug-resistant pathogens like Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumonia. These findings support DMG’s potential as a novel antimicrobial agent targeting metal-dependent virulence pathways. Ni-chelation therapies such as DMG could represent a new class of antimicrobials— better described as bacteriostatics—with efficacy against resistant enteric pathogens. [17] |
Understanding the mechanisms of nickel acquisition, transport, and regulation in pathogens, alongside the characterization of Ni-dependent enzymes, offers potential avenues for developing new therapeutic strategies. Targeting nickel transport systems or the maturation and activity of Ni-dependent virulence factors could provide a novel means of combating infections, particularly for pathogens where the metal plays a crucial role in survival and pathogenicity. The recognition that Ni-requiring enzymes are important for the virulence of a diverse array of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens emphasizes the need for further research into microbial metallomics in microbial pathogenesis. Investigating the potential pathogenic roles of newly identified Ni-binding components, informed by recent experimental data, can expand our understanding of microbial virulence mechanisms and reveal new targets for intervention. The dependency of certain pathogens on nickel ions for vital enzymatic processes directly linked to virulence factors highlights the complex interplay between microbial metabolism and pathogenicity. The study of nickel in microbial pathogenesis not only offers insights into the basic biology of pathogens but also opens up potential therapeutic avenues aimed at disrupting metal homeostasis to combat infections.
Various strategies for nickel chelation may offer promise as a treatment for the aforementioned eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms featuring nickel-dependent enzymes. Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) has already been investigated as a potent nickel chelation therapy to combat multi-drug resistant enteric pathogens, including multi-drug resistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumonia.[18]
As an essential cofactor for critical enzymes such as hydrogenase and urease, Ni has established roles in microbial pathogenic processes. However, the scope of nickel’s involvement in pathogens with other nickel-requiring enzymes warrants further exploration. Additional nickel-utilizing proteins, or those responding to nickel concentration changes, are anticipated to be identified. It is vital to address the gaps in our understanding of nickel dynamics and its regulation within pathogens that require this metal. This includes delineating the origins of dietary nickel, how host metabolism influences its availability to pathogens and the effect of host gut microbiota composition on nickel presence. Investigating these areas is crucial for advancing our knowledge. The variability of nickel’s accessibility in the host is notable, necessitating a deeper understanding of its general availability across various organs, tissues, and cell types, such as epithelial, immune, and blood cells. One promising research direction is the unique requirement of nickel by numerous pathogens—at leat 39 prokaryotic and nine eukaryotic—unlike their mammalian hosts.[19] This discrepancy presents the possibility of specifically targeting these pathogens through nickel sequestration strategies.
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Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin ut laoreet tortor. Donec euismod fermentum pharetra. Nullam at tristique enim. In sit amet molestie
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Did you know?
Americans are over three times more likely to suffer from autoimmune diseases compared to the global average, with approximately 16.67% of the U.S. population affected versus 5% worldwide.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin ut laoreet tortor. Donec euismod fermentum pharetra. Nullam at tristique enim. In sit amet molestie
Did you know?
Gut microbiota predict endometriosis better than vaginal microbiota.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Did you know?
Gut microbiota predict endometriosis better than vaginal microbiota.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin ut laoreet tortor. Donec euismod fermentum pharetra. Nullam at tristique enim. In sit amet molestie
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Did you know?
Gut microbiota predict endometriosis better than vaginal microbiota.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin ut laoreet tortor. Donec euismod fermentum pharetra. Nullam at tristique enim. In sit amet molestie
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
2024-03-28 16:27:22
Nickel majorpublished
Bacteria regulate transition metal levels through complex mechanisms to ensure survival and adaptability, influencing both their physiology and the development of antimicrobial strategies.
Endometriosis involves ectopic endometrial tissue causing pain and infertility. Validated and Promising Interventions include Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), Low Nickel Diet, and Metronidazole therapy.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. Recent research has focused on the gut microbiota's role in IBS, aiming to identify specific microbial signatures associated with the condition.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a versatile bacterium, from gut commensal to pathogen, linked to chronic conditions like endometriosis.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. Recent research has focused on the gut microbiota's role in IBS, aiming to identify specific microbial signatures associated with the condition.
Nutritional immunity restricts metal access to pathogens, leveraging sequestration, transport, and toxicity to control infections and immunity.
Zinc is an essential trace element vital for cellular functions and microbiome health. It influences immune regulation, pathogen virulence, and disease progression in conditions like IBS and breast cancer. Pathogens exploit zinc for survival, while therapeutic zinc chelation can suppress virulence, rebalance the microbiome, and offer potential treatments for inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein classified as a postbiotic with immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and prebiotic-like properties.
Microbial Metallomics is the study of how microorganisms interact with metal ions in biological systems, particularly within the human microbiome.
Maier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewBenoit SL, Schmalstig AA, Glushka J, Maier SE, Edison AS, Maier RJ.
Nickel chelation therapy as an approach to combat multi-drug resistant enteric pathogens.Sci Rep. 2019.
Read ReviewCampanale M, Nucera E, Ojetti V, Cesario V, Di Rienzo TA, D'Angelo G, Pecere S, Barbaro F, Gigante G, De Pasquale T, Rizzi A, Cammarota G, Schiavino D, Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A.
Nickel free-diet enhances the Helicobacter pylori eradication rate: a pilot study.Dig Dis Sci. 2014.
Maier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read ReviewPavlic A, Begic G, Tota M, Abram M, Spalj S, Gobin I.
Bacterial Exposure to Nickel: Influence on Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Orthodontic Archwires and Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Agents.Materials (Basel). 2021.
Diekert G, Konheiser U, Piechulla K, Thauer RK.
Nickel requirement and factor F430 content of methanogenic bacteria.J Bacteriol. 1981.
Nakashige TG, Zygiel EM, Drennan CL, Nolan EM.
Nickel Sequestration by the Host-Defense Protein Human Calprotectin.J Am Chem Soc. July, 2017.
Nakashige TG, Zygiel EM, Drennan CL, Nolan EM.
Nickel Sequestration by the Host-Defense Protein Human Calprotectin.J Am Chem Soc. July, 2017.
Benoit, S.L., Schmalstig, A.A., Glushka, J. et al.
Nickel chelation therapy as an approach to combat multi-drug resistant enteric pathogens.Sci Rep 9, 13851 (2019).
Read ReviewBenoit, S.L., Schmalstig, A.A., Glushka, J. et al.
Nickel chelation therapy as an approach to combat multi-drug resistant enteric pathogens.Sci Rep 9, 13851 (2019).
Read ReviewMaier RJ, Benoit SL.
Role of Nickel in Microbial Pathogenesis.Inorganics. 2019; 7(7):80.
Read Review