Long-term exposure to low-level arsenic in drinking water is associated with cause-specific mortality and hospitalization in the Mt. Amiata area (Tuscany, Italy) Original paper

What was studied?

This study investigated the long-term health effects of low-level arsenic exposure through drinking water in the Mt. Amiata region of Tuscany, Italy. It focused on understanding how chronic exposure to arsenic, even at concentrations below the regulatory limit, affects public health outcomes. Specifically, the research assessed its impact on mortality and hospitalization rates, analyzing the correlation between arsenic exposure and health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases. The study sought to explore the potential long-term risks associated with low-level arsenic contamination in drinking water, particularly in regions where arsenic concentrations exceed the current safety standards.

Who was studied?

The study included a cohort of 30,910 individuals from five municipalities in the Mt. Amiata region. This population, with a total of 407,213 person-years of follow-up, represented a mix of age, gender, and socio-economic statuses. The focus was on individuals residing in areas with arsenic concentrations higher than the recommended maximum limit of 10 μg/L in drinking water. Participants’ health data, including their exposure to arsenic, socio-economic factors, and residential duration in the area, were all taken into account to assess the long-term health effects of arsenic exposure.

Most important findings

The study revealed a clear connection between long-term arsenic exposure and increased mortality rates, particularly in women. Exposure to arsenic levels exceeding 10 μg/L was linked to higher risks of non-accidental mortality, with a notable increase in cancer-related deaths, especially in women. There was also a significant association between arsenic exposure and hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and respiratory conditions. The research further indicated that even levels of arsenic exposure below the regulatory limit of 10 μg/L were associated with certain health risks, suggesting that current standards might not adequately protect populations from the long-term health effects of arsenic. These findings point to the need for stricter monitoring and regulation of arsenic levels in drinking water to safeguard public health.

Key implications

This study underscores the serious health risks associated with long-term arsenic exposure, even at levels considered safe by current regulatory standards. The connection between arsenic exposure and various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, highlights the potential public health crisis in areas with arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Given these findings, there is a clear need to reassess arsenic exposure guidelines and implement more effective regulatory measures. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of water quality, particularly in regions where arsenic levels are naturally elevated, to mitigate health risks and prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases associated with long-term exposure to this toxic element.