The Role of Selenium in Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity: an Updated Review of Scientific Literature Original paper

What was studied?

This review investigates the role of selenium in mitigating the toxic effects of Arsenic (As) and cadmium exposure. Researchers examined the various mechanisms by which selenium interacts with these toxic metals, focusing on its potential to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage. The review synthesizes findings from studies that explored the impact of selenium supplementation on individuals and animals exposed to high levels of arsenic and cadmium, emphasizing how selenium can potentially alleviate the harmful effects of these heavy metals on human health.

Who was studied?

The review covers a broad range of studies involving both animal models and human populations. Animal studies mainly used rodents, particularly rats and mice, exposed to arsenic and cadmium through drinking water or food. These animals were then administered selenium supplements to evaluate its protective effects. In terms of human studies, the review references populations living in regions with chronic exposure to arsenic and cadmium, including areas in Bangladesh, India, and China. The studies reviewed in this paper focused on the impacts of selenium on biomarkers related to arsenic and cadmium toxicity, such as oxidative stress markers, liver function, and kidney damage.

Most important findings

The review highlights significant findings related to selenium’s ability to counteract arsenic and cadmium toxicity. Selenium was shown to mitigate the oxidative stress induced by these metals by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, particularly glutathione peroxidase. In addition to reducing oxidative damage, selenium helps prevent cellular damage to vital organs like the liver and kidneys, which are often targeted by prolonged exposure to arsenic and cadmium. Selenium also plays a role in reducing inflammation, as it helps lower the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are elevated due to arsenic and cadmium exposure. Furthermore, the review discusses how selenium might influence the detoxification pathways in the body, particularly through its effects on the glutathione system. Studies have also suggested that selenium supplementation may have different levels of efficacy depending on the sex of the individuals.

Key implications

The findings of this review suggest that selenium supplementation may be an effective strategy for mitigating the health impacts of arsenic and cadmium exposure, particularly in populations at risk for chronic exposure to these toxic metals. However, the review also emphasizes the need for more research to determine the optimal dosage and form of selenium that would provide maximum protection without any adverse effects. Given that arsenic and cadmium exposure is a significant health concern in many developing countries, selenium supplementation could serve as an accessible and cost-effective intervention. It is critical to understand how selenium interacts with other environmental toxins to further develop comprehensive health strategies. The review also points out that the effects of selenium may vary based on genetic factors, diet, and other environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches to selenium supplementation in regions with high arsenic and cadmium exposure.