Karen Pendergrass, Standards Team

Aβ1–42 injection induced cognitive decline, intestinal inflammation, and distinct gut microbiota dysbiosis via suppression of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways, linking central amyloid pathology to peripheral microbial and immune disruption.

Study links parasympathetic inhibition to gut microbiota changes that distinguish healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease, identifying microbial signatures that track cognitive decline.

Diet shaped gut microbiota more strongly than COS pathology, yet COS selectively reduced beneficial Bacteroides acidifaciens. MT shifted microbial profiles toward normal but did not reverse metabolic or reproductive traits, highlighting diet-microbe interactions as potential therapeutic levers.

This study identifies distinct gut-microbiome and CFA alterations in COS, linking specific taxa and fatty acids with hyperandrogenism, inflammation, and gut permeability.

Multi-omics profiling revealed a distinct COS microbiome signature linking inflammatory taxa, disrupted lipid metabolites, and hormonal dysregulation. Integrating seven microbial species with three metabolites achieved perfect diagnostic accuracy, supporting a causal gut–metabolism axis.

Study of altered gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease with motor complications shows decreased Blautia and increased Lactobacillus in patients with wearing-off, suggesting specific microbial signatures linked to advanced D.

This study demonstrated that combining gut microbiome profiles and dietary carbohydrate intake significantly improves the prediction of Parkinson’s disease, identifying key microbial taxa alterations and their clinical associations, supporting integrated biomarker strategies for diagnosis and management.

This year-long study shows persistent loss of butyrate-producing gut bacteria in Parkinson’s disease, with microbiome differences stable over time and modestly enhanced prediction of progression when combined with dietary data. Device-assisted therapies had variable, non-sustained microbiome impacts.

This multi-omics meta-analysis identifies depletion of Blautia as a robust microbiome signature linked to Parkinson’s disease across feces, blood, and brain, highlighting its potential diagnostic value and mechanistic ties to neurodegeneration via mitochondrial and inflammatory pathways.

This study revealed a D-specific oral-gut microbiome axis, with increased oral Lactobacillus linked to gut dysbiosis and reduced glutamate/arginine biosynthesis. Shotgun metagenomics identified superior functional microbial signatures for D, underscoring the importance of functional profiling in clinical microbiome research.

What was studied?This study (“Parkinson’s disease in monozygotic twins” by Jankovic and Reches, 1986) investigated the occurrence and characteristics of Parkinson’s disease (D) in a pair of monozygotic (identical) twins. The research was prompted by previous twin studies reporting a notably low concordance rate for D among monozygotic twins, suggesting that genetic susceptibility might play […]

This study reveals that gut microbiome alterations, especially reduced Lachnospiraceae taxa, are evident in treatment-naive, de novo Parkinson’s disease patients, supporting early involvement of the microbiome in D pathogenesis, but highlights limited reproducibility of taxonomic biomarkers across cohorts.

This large metagenomic study identified widespread gut microbiome dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease, with specific microbial and functional signatures linked to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and disease progression, offering concrete targets for future clinical interventions and biomarker discovery.

This case-control study identified distinct gut microbiome signatures in Parkinson’s disease, including reduced diversity and increased abundance of key phyla (Proteobacteria, Akkermansia) and metabolic pathways, with microbial profiles varying by disease subtype and duration—suggesting clinical relevance for microbiome-based biomarkers in D.

This meta-analysis reprocessed raw data from 13 SD cohorts, showing that age, sex, and bowel function strongly confound SD–microbiome findings and identifying strain-level signatures that more reliably distinguish SD from neurotypical children.

This study analyzes how V, PV, and IN interact to alter vaginal microbiome structure, highlighting L. iners enrichment and increased diversity as signatures of dysbiosis linked to IN risk.

This study identifies early microbial compositional and metabolic disruptions in mammary tissue prior to breast cancer diagnosis, highlighting Streptococcus enrichment, reduced detoxification pathways, and altered microbe–host interactions that may signal early tumor susceptibility.

Oral microbiome diversity and composition were strongly associated with breast cancer and non-malignant breast disease in Ghanaian women, with notable cross-body correlations to fecal microbes suggesting systemic microbial involvement.

Pediatric KD is marked by gut dysbiosis, impaired barrier function, and microbial metabolite shifts—especially elevated indoxyl sulfate—that activate inflammatory pathways, reshape monocyte and T-cell phenotypes, and contribute to chronic systemic inflammation.

This study links altered gut microbiota and fecal metabolites to Alzheimer’s disease, identifying a combined microbial–metabolite signature that strongly discriminates D from controls and reveals metabolic pathways tied to neuroinflammation.

Normal-weight women with insulin-resistant COS show distinct gut microbiome signatures, particularly increased Enterococcus and Rothia and reduced Prevotella, linking microbial shifts to metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance.

Androgen-induced gut dysbiosis in COS worsens metabolic and endocrine dysfunction. MT experiments show dysbiotic microbiota can independently trigger hyperandrogenism, glucose intolerance, and ovarian abnormalities through gut–liver and gut–brain pathways.

This study characterizes gut microbiota and metabolome differences across Parkinson’s disease motor phenotypes, identifying specific microbial and metabolic signatures associated with tremor dominant versus non-tremor dominant forms, and highlighting their potential role in disease progression and symptom severity.

This study shows that Parkinson’s disease is associated with decreased gut CFA production, increased intestinal inflammation, and altered microbiome composition, with significant links to disease onset and severity. Findings suggest microbiome-mediated mechanisms may be key to D progression and represent targets for intervention.

This study identifies distinct gut microbiome and metabolic signatures in Parkinson’s disease, highlighting decreased microbial folate biosynthesis and increased homocysteine production as key features, with implications for disease progression and potential clinical interventions.

This prospective study demonstrates that fecal microbiota transplantation can correct gut dysbiosis and significantly improve both gastrointestinal and motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients with constipation, supporting MT’s role as a potential adjunctive therapy targeting the gut-brain axis.

Altered Actinobacteria and Firmicutes gut microbiota, and their associated epitopes, are strongly linked to inflammation and metabolic changes in Parkinson’s disease, suggesting novel mechanisms underlying D pathogenesis and offering potential new biomarkers for diagnosis and intervention.

This study used shotgun metagenomics to reveal distinctive taxonomic and functional gut microbiome signatures in central Chinese Parkinson’s disease patients, including increased Bilophila wadsworthia, CAA transport, and decreased Prevotella, supporting the utility of microbiome-based biomarkers and therapeutic targeting in D.

What was studied?This original study investigated the gut microbiome in Australian Parkinson’s disease and how microbial alterations in people with Parkinson’s disease (P) may influence functional metabolic pathways relevant to neurodegeneration. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V4 regions, the researchers compared microbial composition, alpha and beta diversity, and predicted EGG metabolic pathways between 87 […]

This study found that Parkinson’s disease patients have a distinct faecal eukaryotic microbiota, characterized by reduced diversity and a striking increase in Geotrichum candidum, highlighting a potential fungal signature for D and the need for broader microbiome profiling in neurodegenerative disorders.

This study demonstrates significant dysbiosis in the deep nasal sinus microbiota of Parkinson’s disease patients, marked by increased pro-inflammatory pathobionts and loss of beneficial commensals, with specific taxa correlating to symptom severity, suggesting a role for nasal microbiota in D pathogenesis.

This cohort study identified a distinct gut microbiome signature in Polish Parkinson’s disease patients, with increased diversity and enrichment of mucin-degrading and pro-inflammatory taxa, notably Akkermansia muciniphila, supporting the potential for microbiome-based biomarkers and interventions in D.

This study found distinct gut microbiome signatures in Parkinson’s patients with and without constipation, identifying key microbial genera linked to clinical symptoms, suggesting gut microbiota alterations may contribute to D pathogenesis and symptom severity.

This study identified distinct gut-microbiome signatures in Chinese boys with SD, including taxonomic shifts and predictive microbial markers, reinforcing microbiome involvement in SD biology.

This study links gut microbiota imbalance in SD with distinct taxonomic shifts and gastrointestinal severity, highlighting reduced Actinobacteria and altered CFA-related genera as potential contributors to microbiota–gut–brain interactions.

This study examines the association between endometriosis and gut microbiota, highlighting significant differences in microbial diversity and composition. Women with endometriosis showed altered gut microbial profiles compared to healthy controls, with specific bacterial shifts linked to gastrointestinal symptoms and hormonal therapy. These findings suggest microbiota-targeted therapies may benefit endometriosis management.

This study explores the gut microbiota imbalance and its correlations with hormone and inflammatory factors in stage 3/4 endometriosis. Key findings reveal distinct microbial shifts linked to hormonal dysregulation and inflammation, offering insights into disease mechanisms and potential microbiome-targeted therapeutic approaches.

This study explores the altered gut microbiota in BS and its association with caffeine and dietary fiber. Findings indicate that high caffeine intake is linked to increased microbial diversity and altered gut microbiome composition in BS patients, offering insights into dietary strategies for symptom modulation.

This study reveals that gut microbiota in BS-D patients is characterized by reduced Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria, alongside elevated Proteobacteria. Functional predictions indicate disrupted metabolism and increased inflammatory pathways, suggesting microbiome-targeted interventions may benefit BS-D symptom management.

This study identifies site-specific microbial patterns in BS-D patients, highlighting Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Oscillospira in the rectal mucosa as biomarkers. Findings suggest that rectal mucosa sampling may enhance diagnostic accuracy, paving the way for personalized microbiome-based treatments for BS-D.

Gut microbiome composition in early breast cancer predicts prognosis, chemotherapy response, and neurological toxicity. Chemotherapy shifts microbial structure toward beneficial species, while mouse models confirm causal effects of patient-derived microbiota on tumor behavior.

This study analyzed menopausal-specific gut microbiota patterns in Taiwanese women and found distinct microbial signatures in premenopausal breast cancer, including reduced diversity and key shifts in protective and procarcinogenic taxa with strong diagnostic potential.

Early KD shows reduced CFA-producing species and altered microbial metabolic pathways despite stable overall diversity, indicating subtle but clinically relevant microbiome disruption.

This study identified a distinct microbial signature in stage 4–5 KD marked by loss of CFA-producing commensals and expansion of Proteobacteria, linking gut dysbiosis to uremic toxin accumulation and systemic inflammation.

Newly diagnosed Chinese patients with CI and D exhibit progressive gut microbiome dysbiosis, marked by increased Prevotella and reduced Bacteroides, Lachnospira, and Ruminiclostridium 9, with microbial patterns correlating with cognitive decline.

This study links POE-ε4 gut microbiota dysbiosis to Alzheimer disease, showing increased Proteobacteria and reduced CFA-producing taxa in genetically susceptible individuals, highlighting microbial–genetic interactions in D pathogenesis.

This study used long-read 16S sequencing to compare oral microbiota Alzheimer’s disease profiles in elderly adults, revealing reduced diversity and distinct increases in Firmicutes and Streptococcaceae alongside loss of Fusobacterium, suggesting microbiome biomarkers for early D detection.

This pilot study identifies overlapping gut microbiome signatures in Parkinson’s disease patients and mouse models, highlighting Akkermansia and Prevotellaceae as potential biomarkers. TY720-Mitoxy therapy beneficially altered gut microbiota in SA mouse models, supporting cross-species translational research and therapeutic potential.

Shotgun metagenomics revealed distinct COS gut microbiome signatures linked to inflammation, elevated reproductive hormones, and metabolic dysfunction, highlighting mechanistic roles for pathogenic species and potential for microbiome-directed therapies.

This study identifies distinct gut microbiota signatures in Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment, notably increased Porphyromonadaceae and decreased Blautia, which are linked to cognitive decline. These findings highlight potential microbiome markers and therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in D.

This study links altered gut microbiota with distinct fecal lipid metabolites and androgen levels in obese COS, identifying diagnostic microbial and metabolic signatures that help explain hormonal and metabolic dysfunction.

Integrative analysis of stool 16S data and metabolic modelling in Parkinson’s disease links specific taxa and sulfur- and ABA-related metabolic outputs to disease status, motor severity, non-motor symptoms, and constipation, defining candidate microbiome–metabolite signatures for future clinical and biomarker applications.

This study shows that the saliva microbiome in COS is altered across all time points and loses normal diurnal rhythmicity, with elevated Fusobacteria and reduced Actinobacteria contributing to inflammatory and metabolic risk.

Large WAS of D identified three microbiome clusters: opportunistic pathogens enriched in D, CFA-producing commensals depleted, and probiotic genera expanded, partly in association with levodopa dose, providing concrete taxa for mechanistic and therapeutic exploration.

In an PTP mouse model, acupuncture-gut-microbiota-parkinsons-disease interactions linked microbial normalization and pathway shifts to reduced neuroinflammation, preserved nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and improved motor and anxiety-like behaviors.

Metagenomic analysis of Chinese Parkinson’s disease patients identified a 25-gene gut microbial signature that robustly distinguishes Parkinson’s disease from controls, multiple system atrophy and Alzheimer’s disease, and can be implemented via real-time CR as a clinically usable microbiome-based diagnostic index.

A combined microbiome–metabolome analysis demonstrated that Parkinson’s disease gut microbiota and metabolome show depletion of CFA-producing taxa and major metabolic disturbances, revealing microbe–metabolite signatures relevant to neuroinflammation, nutrient deficits, and D pathophysiology.

This study analyzed the gut microbiome in Parkinson’s disease, showing that Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus remain reduced even after adjusting for major D-related covariates, highlighting their biomarker potential and the profound influence of constipation, coffee intake, and medication on microbial patterns.

The study links intestinal microbiota and weight loss in Parkinson’s disease, identifying fatty acid biosynthesis pathways in weight-loss patients and inflammatory pathways in stable-weight patients, suggesting microbial influence on metabolic changes.

What was studied?Altered gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease was examined using 16S rRNA sequencing to determine how microbial composition differs among patients, their healthy spouses, and unrelated healthy controls. The study analyzed 200 individuals and evaluated microbial diversity, specific bacterial taxa, and associations with clinical severity measured by Hoehn & Yahr staging and disease duration. […]

Increased mucin-degrading Akkermansia is an early gut microbiome marker in iRBD, while the loss of CFA-producing bacteria is specific to established Parkinson’s disease, suggesting distinct microbial signatures for disease staging and prevention strategies.

This study links altered gut microbial profile SD signatures to disrupted neurotransmitter-related metabolism, highlighting depleted Bacteroides species, delayed microbial maturation, and metabolite abnormalities in serotonin, dopamine, ABA, and glutamate pathways.

The study examines gut microbiota in children with SD, identifying major taxonomic and metabolic alterations involving CAA producers, CFA pathways, and mucosal health–related microbes, highlighting significant implications for SD mechanisms and potential microbiome-based therapies.

What was studied?This study examined changes in gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorder (SD), focusing on how microbial diversity and specific bacterial signatures differ from those in healthy controls. The research evaluated 16S rRNA V4-region sequencing of stool samples to identify microbiome patterns associated with SD and explored microbial biomarkers that can distinguish […]

This study evaluated how Cesarean versus vaginal birth shapes adult vaginal microbiota, identifying links between C-section birth, reduced Lactobacillus dominance, and increased Prevotella bivia abundance.

This study identifies the vaginal microbiome as a predictor of endometriosis severity, highlighting microbial shifts that correlate with rASRM staging. Anaerococcus emerged as a key biomarker for advanced disease stages, while ST V dominance during menstruation suggests inflammatory shifts. Findings support the potential of non-invasive microbiome-based diagnosis for endometriosis.

This study reveals a distinct microbiome profile in deep endometriosis, with unique bacterial communities in lesion sites, suggesting a role in inflammation and disease progression. Potentially pathogenic genera like Pseudomonas and Alishewanella were abundant, highlighting their possible involvement in endometriotic lesion maintenance and inflammatory responses.

This study maps the microbiota composition along the reproductive tract in endometriosis patients, revealing microbial dysbiosis, reduced Lactobacillus, and increased Pseudomonas and Sphingobium in upper reproductive sites. These findings suggest potential microbial contributions to inflammation, lesion persistence, and new biomarkers for diagnosing endometriosis.

This study identifies gut microbiota and metabolomic shifts in endometriosis, with altered bile acid biosynthesis and LA metabolism. Elevated DCA and DCA levels, coupled with microbial changes, suggest potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for managing inflammation in endometriosis.

This study identifies microbiome shifts in the lower genital tract of Chinese women with endometriosis, marked by Atopobium enrichment and changes in ribosome biogenesis and immune modulation. Findings suggest potential non-invasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for endometriosis and adenomyosis.

This study links ER2 status, early menarche, and adiposity to distinct gut microbiome alterations, including reduced diversity and shifts in CFA-producing taxa, highlighting possible microbial pathways influencing breast cancer biology.

This study mapped gut microbiome disruptions across KD stages, identifying diagnostic microbial signatures, enriched toxin-producing taxa, depleted beneficial genera, and strong links between microbes and renal biomarkers.

Longitudinal analysis in PP/S1 mice shows gut microbiome alterations emerging months before amyloid plaques or microglial activation, highlighting inflammation-linked taxa as early biomarkers and mechanistic contributors to Alzheimer’s disease pathology.

This study identifies stage-specific salivary microbiome changes across dementia progression, showing declines in periodontal bacteria and rises in opportunistic species. Integrating microbial signatures with olfactory testing enhances early diagnostic potential.

This study identified major microbial and metabolic disruptions in Chinese Alzheimer’s patients, highlighting reduced butyrate producers, increased lactate producers, and strong correlations with cognition and inflammation.

This study examined gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease, identifying reduced Lachnospiraceae as an early signature and linking microbial shifts to motor and cognitive severity.

This study identified gut microbiota dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease featuring reduced CFA-producing taxa and increased pro-inflammatory bacteria, correlating strongly with motor severity.

This study identifies distinct gut microbiome alterations in Eastern Han Chinese adults with Parkinson’s disease, highlighting bacterial signatures involving Verrucomicrobiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and reduced Prevotellaceae that may contribute to gut–brain axis dysfunction.

Longitudinal analysis revealed stable, reproducible microbiome alterations in Parkinson’s disease, especially reduced Prevotella abundance in Parkinson’s disease, highlighting a persistent microbial signature with possible diagnostic relevance.

Early Parkinson’s disease exhibits distinct alterations in the oral microbiome, including neurotransmitter-related taxa and inflammatory organisms, offering potential biomarkers and mechanistic insights.

Altered gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease revealed reduced Prevotella, increased pro-inflammatory taxa, and cytokine elevations linked to motor severity, highlighting gut–immune contributions to neurodegeneration.

This study shows that gut microbiota differs between Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls in Northeast China, with reduced richness, altered β-diversity, elevated Akkermansia, and reduced Lactobacillus, linking microbiome changes to clinical severity.

The study links microbiome dysbiosis, elevated PS-producing taxa and impaired intestinal integrity with α-synuclein–related pathology, showing how gut inflammation may trigger or worsen Parkinson’s disease.

This study examined how Parkinson’s disease and dopaminergic medications shape the gut microbiome, revealing reduced beneficial taxa, increased Clostridiales I organisms, and strong medication-specific microbial signatures with implications for inflammation and drug metabolism.

This study explored gut microbiota in HT-induced COS rats and showed that Diane-35 and probiotics restored microbial diversity, while berberine reduced it. Key microbial signatures linked directly to metabolic and reproductive

Study defines microbial alterations in Parkinson’s disease gut microflora, highlighting reduced CFA-producing taxa, increased Rikenellaceae and Turicibacter, and associations with disease severity and medication.

This study identifies reduced diversity and specific microbial shifts—including lower Acidaminococcaceae and butyrate-producing genera—in Chinese children with SD, highlighting microbiome disruptions with potential relevance to gut–brain interactions.

This study reveals distinct microbiome shifts in the vaginal, cervical, and gut microbiota of women with stage 3/4 endometriosis. The absence of Atopobium and elevated Gardnerella in reproductive sites suggest immune dysregulation, while Shigella dominance in stool samples correlates with bowel involvement, highlighting potential diagnostic biomarkers.

This study shows that antibiotic therapy with metronidazole reduces endometriotic lesion growth and inflammation in mice by targeting the gut microbiota, particularly Bacteroidetes. Findings suggest that microbiota-targeted treatments may offer new therapeutic avenues for endometriosis management.

This study identifies intrauterine microbial colonization in endometriosis, with enriched Streptococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. RHa therapy exacerbated microbial imbalances, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for managing inflammation and infection in endometriosis. Findings suggest microbial modulation may enhance treatment outcomes.

This study found that endometriosis does not induce significant changes in the fecal bacteriota composition during the acute phase of lesion formation. Findings suggest that gut microbial shifts in endometriosis may emerge only during chronic disease stages, highlighting the need for targeted microbiome interventions over prolonged periods.

This pilot study identified reduced microbial diversity and a Proteobacteria-enriched blood microbiome profile in KD, with microbial shifts correlating to kidney function, suggesting potential biomarker value.

This study identifies major gut microbiota alterations in KD, especially severe loss of Akkermansia, and links these shifts to inflammatory cytokines, suggesting key microbial signatures relevant to KD progression.