Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Bacterial Vaginosis
Researched by:
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Karen Pendergrass
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Karen Pendergrass
Read MoreKaren Pendergrass is a microbiome researcher specializing in microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs). She systematically analyzes scientific literature to identify microbial patterns, develop hypotheses, and validate interventions. As the founder of the Microbiome Signatures Database, she bridges microbiome research with clinical practice. In 2012, based on her own investigative research, she became the first documented case of FMT for Celiac Disease—four years before the first published case study.
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
Read MoreI am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Bacterial vaginosis (V) is caused by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, where the typically dominant Lactobacillus species are significantly reduced, leading to an overgrowth of anaerobic and facultative bacteria.
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Karen Pendergrass
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Kimberly Eyer
Read MoreKimberly Eyer, a Registered Nurse with 30 years of nursing experience across diverse settings, including Home Health, ICU, Operating Room Nursing, and Research. Her roles have encompassed Operating Room Nurse, RN First Assistant, and Acting Director of a Same Day Surgery Center. Her specialty areas include Adult Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Vascular Surgery, and Neurosurgery.
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Divine Aleru
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Researched by:
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Karen Pendergrass
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Karen Pendergrass
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
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Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
Microbiome Signatures
Overview 
Microbiome Signature 
Interventions 
FAQs 
Research Feed 
References Overview
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is caused by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, where the typically dominant Lactobacillus species are significantly reduced, leading to an overgrowth of anaerobic and facultative bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, and Prevotella spp. [1] This results in symptoms like discharge, odor, and discomfort, and increases susceptibility to other infections, including sexually transmitted infections like HIV/AIDS. [2][3] The intricate relationships among these bacteria vary among individuals, complicating the understanding and treatment of BV. Advances in molecular techniques have improved the identification and understanding of these microbial communities, which is essential for developing effective treatments and preventative measures for BV and its complications.
Diagnosis
BV can be diagnosed using Amsel criteria and Nugent score through vaginal swabs. Amsel criteria require three of the following four characteristics: homogeneous, milk-like vaginal fluid, increased vaginal pH (greater than 4.5), fishy odor, and clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria). [4][x] Nugent score involves analyzing morphotypes of microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Gardnerella in Gram-stained vaginal discharge, with scores of 0–3, 4–6, and 7–10 indicating normal, intermediate, and BV, respectively. [5] However, 27% of asymptomatic women show a diverse microbial community dominated by anaerobic bacteria. [6] Combining these methods with clinical and microbiological findings provides a more accurate diagnosis.
Causal Theories
BV remains a challenging condition due to its multifactorial etiology. Several theories exist about what triggers BV, each with its own set of implications, strengths, and criticisms.
| Theory | Description | Criticisms and Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Polymicrobial Hypothesis | BV is caused by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria due to a shift away from Lactobacillus dominance.[7] | Fails to identify a single pathogen and does not explain why different microbial compositions are found in different individuals.[8] |
| Gardnerella vaginalis as Causative Agent | Gardnerella vaginalis is often considered the primary cause of BV due to its frequent presence in affected women.[9] | Gardnerella can also be found in women without BV, suggesting that it may not be the sole causative agent as it is part of the normal vaginal microbiome, even in healthy women.[10] |
| Sexual Transmission Hypothesis | BV may be sexually transmitted, with evidence of microbial exchange between partners.[11][12] | Past partner treatment trials have had mixed results, reducing confidence in the idea that reinfection drives recurrence.[13] |
| Host Factors and Immune Response | Immune responses and genetic predisposition may influence susceptibility to BV.[14][15] | The role of immune factors in BV pathogenesis is still speculative, and there is no clear explanation for recurrence despite similar immune profiles. |
Given the limitations of current theories, a new theory that combines insights from microbial interactions, host immunity, and sexual transmission could provide a more comprehensive understanding of BV.[16]
Associated Conditions
BV has been closely associated with various reproductive health complications, including infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and endometritis.[17] BV is marked by a microbial imbalance in the vaginal flora, where the predominance of Lactobacillus species is replaced by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae. This dysbiosis is thought to increase the risk of PID, which in turn is linked to infertility, particularly tubal infertility.[18] Women with BV are more likely to experience chronic inflammation in the reproductive tract, which may impair fertility through mechanisms such as immune system activation and the production of bacterial toxins. Studies have shown that BV-related bacteria can ascend to the upper genital tract, causing infections like endometritis and contributing to conditions that affect the fallopian tubes and uterus, leading to infertility. BV is also known to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, and increased susceptibility to HIV. [19]
Primer
To fully understand Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), it is crucial to recognize its complex relationship with the vaginal microbiome, where a loss of Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria disrupt the normal balance. This dysbiosis leads to increased vaginal pH and inflammation, contributing to symptoms such as discharge and malodor. BV is not only associated with reproductive issues like infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), but it also raises the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. The persistence of BV is often linked to biofilm formation, where bacteria protect themselves from antibiotics and the host immune response, making recurrence common. Understanding these microbial shifts, the role of biofilms, and their interactions with immune and hormonal factors is essential for developing more effective treatments and diagnostic tools to manage BV and prevent its recurrence.[20][21][22]
Metallomic Signature
Heavy metal exposure, particularly to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), has been shown to significantly increase the risk of developing Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). Studies have shown a notable association between elevated serum lead and cadmium levels and a higher likelihood of BV. Specifically, serum lead levels in the highest range were associated with an increased risk of BV, while higher cadmium levels were linked to a rise in susceptibility. These metals, known as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), disrupt immune function and can lead to hormonal imbalances, which in turn affect the vaginal microbiome. Elevated lead and cadmium levels may foster an environment in which anaerobic bacteria thrive, thereby exacerbating the dysbiosis typical of BV. These findings highlight the potential impact of reducing heavy metal exposure to manage and prevent BV, highlighting the need for further research into how these metals influence the vaginal microbiome and immune system.[23]
Nutritional Immunity
Iron is a key player in BV, as increased iron availability, particularly from menstruation or dietary sources, can promote the growth of BV-associated anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria thrive in iron-rich environments, which in turn exacerbates the dysbiosis in the vagina. Conversely, an iron deficiency can weaken the immune response, making it more difficult for the body to control infections, increasing susceptibility to BV.[24][25] The complex interplay of this nutritional factor affects how the body regulates the vaginal microbiome, immune system, and local inflammation. The relationship between nutritional factors and BV highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced diet to support immune health and prevent the onset or recurrence of BV.
Microbiome Signature: Bacterial Vaginosis
Interventions
Microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs) focus on restoring the balance of the vaginal microbiota to treat bacterial vaginosis (BV). These interventions aim to reduce the overgrowth of obligate anaerobic microbes, such as Gardnerella, Prevotella, and Atopobium, which are associated with BV. At the same time, MBTIs seek to increase the presence of beneficial Lactobacillus species, which are crucial for maintaining a healthy vaginal environment. By targeting the microbial imbalance directly, MBTIs offer a more precise approach to treating and preventing BV compared to traditional antibiotic treatments.
What microbiome-targeted interventions may improve symptoms of BV?
| Non-Pharmacological Interventions | Findings |
|---|---|
| Boric Acid Suppositories | Boric acid suppositories lower vaginal pH, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria like Gardnerella and Prevotella that thrive in higher pH environments, and promoting the growth of beneficial Lactobacillus species, aiding in the treatment and prevention of BV. [26] |
| Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation (VMT) | In recent years, vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to restore the balance of the vaginal ecosystem. Several studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of VMT in treating bacterial vaginosis, recurrent yeast infections, and other vaginal conditions. [27] |
| Drug Repurposing | |
| Metformin HCl Vaginal Gel Metformin + Aspirin | Metformin has been shown to significantly decrease biofilm formation.[28] Biofilms protect BV-associated bacteria like Gardnerella vaginalis, making them more resistant to treatment. By reducing biofilm formation, metformin can make these bacteria more susceptible to antimicrobial treatments and the host immune response. Metformin combined with aspirin treatment also significantly increased the relative abundance of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. in patients. [29] |
| Intervention | Classification | MBTI Status |
|---|---|---|
| Metronidazole | Pharmaceutical | Validated |
| Secnidazole | Pharmaceutical | Validated |
| Tinidazole | Pharmaceutical | Validated |
| Clindamycin | Pharmaceutical | Validated |
| Boric Acid | Alternative Therapy (Non-pharmaceutical) | Validated |
| Probiotics | Supplement | Validated |
| Essential Oils | Natural Product | Promising Candidate |
| Vitamin C (Intravaginal tablets) | Supplement | Validated |
| Cannabidiol | Natural Product | Promising Candidate |
| Maltose gel | Prebiotic | Validated |
| Lactoferrin | Supplement | Validated |
| Metformin | Drug Repurposing | Promising Candidate |
| Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation (VMT) | Microbiota-based therapy | Promising Candidate |
FAQs
How does disruption of the vaginal microbiome contribute to the development of Bacterial Vaginosis?
How does disruption of the vaginal microbiome contribute to the development of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) arises from a significant shift in the vaginal microbiome, moving away from a Lactobacillus-dominated ecosystem towards a more diverse and anaerobe-rich community. Healthy vaginal microbiota are typically dominated by hydrogen peroxide- and lactic acid-producing u003cem data-start=u0022956u0022 data-end=u0022971u0022u003eLactobacillusu003c/emu003e species (e.g., u003cem data-start=u0022987u0022 data-end=u00221001u0022u003eL. crispatusu003c/emu003e, u003cem data-start=u00221003u0022 data-end=u00221016u0022u003eL. jenseniiu003c/emu003e), which maintain low vaginal pH and suppress pathogen overgrowth. In BV, a collapse of this protective structure occurs, leading to overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria such as u003cem data-start=u00221190u0022 data-end=u00221213u0022u003eGardnerella vaginalisu003c/emu003e, u003cem data-start=u00221215u0022 data-end=u00221234u0022u003eAtopobium vaginaeu003c/emu003e, u003cem data-start=u00221236u0022 data-end=u00221248u0022u003ePrevotellau003c/emu003e species, and others. This microbial shift increases vaginal pH, promotes biofilm formation, reduces host defense, and predisposes the host to infections and inflammation. Molecular studies reveal that BV is a polymicrobial condition without a single causative agent, highlighting the importance of the microbiome’s collective stability in maintaining vaginal health.
How does the vaginal metabolome change during Bacterial Vaginosis, and what does this reveal about the microbiome’s function?
How does the vaginal metabolome change during Bacterial Vaginosis, and what does this reveal about the microbiome’s function?
u003cp data-pm-slice=u00220 0 []u0022u003eBacterial Vaginosis induces significant alterations in the vaginal metabolome, reflecting underlying microbial functional shifts. Healthy vaginal environments dominated by Lactobacillus spp. are characterized by abundant lactic acid, which maintains low pH and supports mucosal integrity. In BV, the reduction of lactic acid coincides with an increase in amines, short-chain fatty acids, and volatile compounds produced by anaerobes like Gardnerella, Atopobium, and Prevotella. Elevated levels of amines (e.g., putrescine, cadaverine) contribute to the characteristic malodor and higher vaginal pH, creating conditions favorable to pathogenic biofilm formation and immune evasion. These metabolomic profiles not only aid in understanding the pathophysiology of BV but are also being explored as potential biomarkers for more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic responses.u003c/pu003e
What role does biofilm formation by BV-associated bacteria play in treatment resistance and recurrence?
What role does biofilm formation by BV-associated bacteria play in treatment resistance and recurrence?
Biofilm formation is central to the persistence and recurrence of BV. Key BV-associated bacteria, notably u003cem data-start=u00222030u0022 data-end=u00222053u0022u003eGardnerella vaginalisu003c/emu003e, initiate biofilm development on the vaginal epithelium, creating a complex matrix that includes secondary colonizers such as u003cem data-start=u00222180u0022 data-end=u00222199u0022u003eAtopobium vaginaeu003c/emu003e and u003cem data-start=u00222204u0022 data-end=u00222222u0022u003ePrevotella biviau003c/emu003e. These polymicrobial biofilms protect resident bacteria from antibiotics like metronidazole and clindamycin, shield them from immune responses, and facilitate horizontal gene transfer among species, potentially enhancing antimicrobial resistance. Biofilms also maintain a local dysbiotic environment by degrading mucosal barriers (e.g., via sialidase production), further promoting bacterial colonization and inflammation. Therefore, the microbiome’s spatial organization within biofilms is a major obstacle to long-term cure, and targeting biofilm integrity has become a key focus for future therapeutic strategies.
What are the emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the microbiome to prevent or treat BV?
What are the emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the microbiome to prevent or treat BV?
u003cp data-pm-slice=u00220 0 []u0022u003eGiven the high recurrence rates and limitations of antibiotic therapy, emerging strategies aim to directly manipulate the vaginal microbiome to treat or prevent BV. These approaches include probiotic therapies designed to restore Lactobacillus-dominated communities, vaginal microbiota transplants (VMT) modeled after fecal microbiota transplantation, and the development of microbiome-informed vaccines. Some strategies target the biofilm architecture itself, utilizing enzymes or antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the protective matrices of BV-associated bacterial communities. Others focus on molecular diagnostics and personalized therapy based on individual microbiome profiles. Early clinical trials show that re-establishing a stable Lactobacillus-rich microbiota can significantly reduce BV recurrence, suggesting microbiome restoration as a promising avenue for future management.u003c/pu003e
Research Feed
The Female Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Bacterial Vaginosis
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A Multi-Omic Systems-Based Approach Reveals Metabolic Markers of Bacterial Vaginosis and Insight into the Disease
February 6, 2013
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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An Integrated Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Single-Dose Secnidazole 2 g in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
January 1, 2020
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Antimicrobial activity of bovine lactoferrin against Gardnerella species clinical isolates
September 8, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Association Between Dietary Patterns and Bacterial Vaginosis
July 16, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Association Between Heavy Metal Exposure and Bacterial Vaginosis
January 8, 2025
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial biota of women with bacterial vaginosis treated with lactoferrin
August 2, 2017
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Communities in Women with Bacterial Vaginosis:
June 18, 2012
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis – A Brief Synopsis of the Literature
December 24, 2019
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial vaginosis and biofilms: Therapeutic challenges and innovations
October 21, 2024
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis and Chlamydia in Tubal Infertility
May 3, 1999
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis and its Association with Infertility, Endometritis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
October 15, 2020
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilms: Challenges to Current Therapies and Emerging Solutions
January 20, 2016
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis Is Associated with Variation in Dietary Indices
September 15, 2011
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis Recurrence: Drivers, Challenges, and Treatment
September 2, 2021
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future Opportunities
August 11, 2020
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?
January 18, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Boric Acid for the Treatment of Vaginitis: New Possibilities Using an Old Anti-Infective Agent
June 10, 2024
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Cannabidiol (CBD) Acts as an Antioxidant on Gardnerella vaginalis
February 1, 2025
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Clinicians’ use of Intravaginal Boric Acid Maintenance Therapy for Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Bacterial Vaginosis
December 1, 2019
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Combatting antibiotic resistance in Gardnerella vaginalis: A comparative in silico investigation for drug target identification
March 12, 2025
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Computational approach for drug discovery against Gardnerella vaginalis
July 29, 2024
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Contribution of Essential Oils to the Fight against Microbial Biofilms—A Review
March 18, 2021
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Current Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis—Limitations and Need for Innovation
July 19, 2016
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Dietary Patterns and Bacterial Vaginosis: is there any association?
October 27, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Dietary Intake of Selected Nutrients Affects Bacterial Vaginosis in Women
September 11, 2007
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Diversity of Vaginal Microbiota Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis
September 7, 2010
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Dynamics of Vaginal Microbiota Before, During and After Episodes of Bacterial Vaginosis
December 2, 2013
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Efficacy and Safety of Different Drugs for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
October 11, 2024
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Efficacy of Vitamin C Vaginal Tablets in Preventing Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
June 10, 2013
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Fighting polymicrobial biofilms in bacterial vaginosis
April 12, 2023
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Guidelines for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: focus on tinidazole
June 23, 2009
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Identifying Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacteria
June 22, 2023
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Impact of oral metronidazole treatment on the vaginal microbiota and correlates of treatment failure
August 9, 2019
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Lactobacillus crispatus inhibits growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on a porcine vaginal mucosa model.
December 9, 2015
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Metabolic Signatures of Bacterial Vaginosis
April 14, 2015
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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NMR Metabolomics of Symbioses Between Bacterial Vaginosis Associated Bacteria
June 29, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current Hypotheses
July 19, 2016
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Prebiotic Maltose Gel Can Promote the Vaginal Microbiota From BV-Related Bacteria Dominant to Lactobacillus in Rhesus Macaque
November 6, 2020
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Probiotics are a Good Choice for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
June 13, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis Following Metronidazole Treatment is Associated with Microbiota Richness at Diagnosis
March 1, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Recurrent bacterial vaginosis–an old approach to a new problem
July 1, 1996
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae–based Probiotic as Novel Anti-microbial Agent for Therapy of Bacterial Vaginosis
May 29, 2018
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Single-Dose, Bioadhesive Clindamycin 2% Gel for Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
May 2, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The interplay between microbiota, metabolites, immunity during BV
March 1, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The right bug in the right place: opportunities for bacterial vaginosis treatment
May 2, 2022
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
June 25, 2009
/
Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis with Topical Clindamycin or Metronidazole
September 1, 2005
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Unveiling Resistance and Virulence Mechanisms under Darwinian Positive Selection for Novel Drug Discovery for Gardnerella vaginalis
August 1, 2024
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Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Vaginal Microbiome Recovery After Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment
June 9, 2020
/
Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Vaginal Microbiota Molecular Profiling in Women with Bacterial Vaginosis
November 1, 2023
/
Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
The Human Microbiome during Bacterial Vaginosis
April 29, 2016
/
Bacterial Vaginosis •
Bacterial Vaginosis
Did you know?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases the risk of acquiring HIV by up to 60% in women due to the disruption of the protective vaginal microbiome and the resulting inflammation that facilitates the virus’s entry.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Amsel’s Criteria
Amsel's Criteria is a clinically established diagnostic method for bacterial vaginosis, offering a practical and accessible alternative to laboratory-based approaches. It evaluates four key clinical indicators, ensuring timely diagnosis and intervention in outpatient settings.
Nugent Score
The Nugent Score is a standardized Gram stain-based scoring system used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis (BV) by assessing key bacterial morphotypes in vaginal samples. With its high specificity, it remains a gold standard in microbiome research, though its complexity and need for trained personnel make it less common in routine clinical practice.
Infertility
Infertility is the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected sex. It affects both men and women and can be due to various physical, hormonal, or genetic factors. Treatments include medication, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies, and lifestyle changes.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis involves ectopic endometrial tissue causing pain and infertility. Validated and Promising Interventions include Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), Low Nickel Diet, and Metronidazole therapy.
Microbiome-Targeted Interventions (MBTIs)
Microbiome Targeted Interventions (MBTIs) are cutting-edge treatments that utilize information from Microbiome Signatures to modulate the microbiome, revolutionizing medicine with unparalleled precision and impact.
Vaginal Microbiome Transplant (VMT)
Vaginal Microbiome Transplant (VMT) involves transferring healthy vaginal flora from a donor to a recipient to treat conditions like recurrent bacterial vaginosis. It aims to restore balance in the vaginal microbiome, potentially offering a non-pharmacological treatment option for persistent gynecological disorders.
Validation of Metronidazole as a microbiome-targeted intervention for Endometriosis
Metronidazole is a validated microbiome-targeted intervention (MBTI) for endometriosis, reducing key dysbiotic taxa and suppressing inflammation and lesion progression.
Validation of Secnidazole as a Microbiome-Based Therapeutic Intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis
Secnidazole demonstrates dual efficacy in treating bacterial vaginosis by targeting pathogenic anaerobes while preserving beneficial Lactobacillus, validating both its role as a microbiome-based therapeutic intervention (MBTI) and the accuracy of BV’s microbial signature in guiding effective treatment.
Validation of Tinidazole as a microbiome-targeted intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis
Tinidazole is a validated microbiome-targeted therapy for bacterial vaginosis, restoring microbial balance and aligning with diagnostic signatures. It offers better tolerability than metronidazole, with fewer side effects and strong clinical outcomes.
Validation of Clindamycin as a microbiome-targeted intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis
Clindamycin is effective in treating bacterial vaginosis by reducing Gardnerella vaginalis and promoting Lactobacillus growth, but recurrence rates highlight the need for adjunct therapies targeting biofilms.
Validation of Boric Acid (BA) as a microbiome-targeted intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC)
Boric acid restores microbial balance in the vagina by increasing Lactobacillus and reducing harmful species, making it an effective treatment for recurrent BV and VVC.
Validation of Probiotic Therapy as a Microbiome-Targeted Intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis
Probiotic interventions, particularly those involving Lactobacillus crispatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, restore balance to the vaginal microbiome in bacterial vaginosis (BV). By reducing dominant anaerobes like Gardnerella vaginalis and promoting recolonization with protective Lactobacillus, these therapies validate both their role as microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs) and the diagnostic accuracy of the BV microbiome signature.
Validation of Vitamin C as a Microbiome-Based Therapy for Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis
Vitamin C vaginal tablets represent a compelling microbiome-based therapy for recurrent bacterial vaginosis. By restoring vaginal pH and supporting Lactobacillus reestablishment, this intervention validates both its therapeutic role and the microbial signature of BV.
Validation of Maltose Gel (Prebiotic) as a Microbiome-Targeted Intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis
Prebiotic Maltose Gel has emerged as a promising microbiome-targeted therapy for bacterial vaginosis (BV), restoring vaginal health by selectively enhancing Lactobacillus populations and suppressing BV-associated anaerobes. This dual-action intervention not only validates the gel's therapeutic efficacy but also confirms the accuracy of BV's microbiome signature as a clinical marker.
Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein classified as a postbiotic with immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and prebiotic-like properties.
Validation of Bovine Lactoferrin as a Microbiome-Targeted Intervention for Bacterial Vaginosis
Bovine lactoferrin has emerged as a promising microbiome-targeted intervention (MBTI) for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Clinical and preclinical studies confirm its dual-action ability to restore Lactobacillus dominance and suppress BV-associated pathogens like Gardnerella and Prevotella. These microbial shifts, combined with anti-inflammatory effects, validate both the efficacy of bovine lactoferrin and the diagnostic accuracy of the BV microbiome signature.
Vaginal Microbiome Transplant (VMT)
Vaginal Microbiome Transplant (VMT) involves transferring healthy vaginal flora from a donor to a recipient to treat conditions like recurrent bacterial vaginosis. It aims to restore balance in the vaginal microbiome, potentially offering a non-pharmacological treatment option for persistent gynecological disorders.
References
- Antibiotic treatment for the sexual partners of women with bacterial vaginosis. . Amaya-Guio J, Viveros-Carreño DA, Sierra-Barrios EM, Martinez-Velasquez MY, Grillo-Ardila CF.. (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2016))
- The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review.. Kenyon, Chris & Colebunders, Robert & Crucitti, Tania.. (American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. (2013).)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future Opportunities. Redelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354)
- Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. . Amsel R., Totten P. A., Spiegel C. A., Chen K. C., Eschenbach D., Holmes K. K.. (Am. J. Med. 74, 14–22. (1983))
- Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J.. Nugent R. P., Krohn M. A., Hillier S. L.. (Clin. Microbiol. 29, 297–301. (1991).)
- Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. . Ravel J., Gajer P., Abdo Z., Schneider G. M., Koenig S. S., McCulle S. L., et al.. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 Suppl 1, 4680–4687. (2011).)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future Opportunities. Redelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?. Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jan 18;11:672429)
- Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current Hypotheses. Muzny CA, Schwebke JR.. (J Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;214 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5.)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future Opportunities. Redelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?. Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jan 18;11:672429)
- Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment. Vodstrcil LA, Muzny CA, Plummer EL, Sobel JD, Bradshaw CS.. (BMC Med. 2021 Sep 2;19(1):194)
- Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current Hypotheses. Muzny CA, Schwebke JR.. (J Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;214 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5.)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?. Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jan 18;11:672429)
- Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current Hypotheses. Muzny CA, Schwebke JR.. (J Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;214 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5.)
- Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment. Vodstrcil LA, Muzny CA, Plummer EL, Sobel JD, Bradshaw CS.. (BMC Med. 2021 Sep 2;19(1):194)
- Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Ravel, J., Moreno, I., & Simón, C. (2021). (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(3), 251-257)
- Bacterial vaginosis and past chlamydial infection are strongly and independently associated with tubal infertility but do not affect in vitro fertilization success rates. Gaudoin M, Rekha P, Morris A, Lynch J, Acharya U.. (Fertil Steril. 1999 Oct;72(4):730-2)
- The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review.. Kenyon, Chris & Colebunders, Robert & Crucitti, Tania.. (American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. (2013).)
- Bacterial vaginosis-A brief synopsis of the literature. Coudray MS, Madhivanan P.. (Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Feb;245:143-148)
- Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Ravel, J., Moreno, I., & Simón, C. (2021). (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(3), 251-257)
- Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future Opportunities. Redelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354)
- Association between heavy metal exposure and bacterial vaginosis: A cross-sectional study. Feng Y-X, Tan M-Z, Qiu H-H, Chen J-R, Wang S-Z, Huang Z-M, et al. (2025). (PLoS ONE 20(1): e0316927)
- Dietary intake of selected nutrients affects bacterial vaginosis in women. Neggers YH, Nansel TR, Andrews WW, Schwebke JR, Yu KF, Goldenberg RL, Klebanoff MA.. (J Nutr. 2007 Sep;137(9):2128-33)
- Dietary acid load, alternative healthy eating index score, and bacterial vaginosis: is there any association? A case-control study.. Noormohammadi, M., Eslamian, G., Kazemi, S.N. et al.. (BMC Infect Dis 22, 803 (2022).)
- Clinicians’ use of intravaginal boric acid maintenance therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. . Powell A, Ghanem KG, Rogers L, Zinalabedini A, Brotman RM, Zenilman J, et al.. (Sex Transm Dis. (2019))
- Vaginal microbiome transplantation in women with intractable bacterial vaginosis. . Lev-Sagie A, Goldman-Wohl D, Cohen Y, et al.. (Nat Med. (2019))
- Repurposing metformin as a quorum sensing inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. . Abbas HA, Elsherbini AM, Shaldam MA.. (Afr Health Sci. (2017))
- Characterization of Vaginal Microbiota in Women With Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion That Can Be Modified by Drug Treatment. . Zhao F, Chen Y, Gao J, et al.. (Front Cell Infect Microbiol. August, 19 2021.)
Amaya-Guio J, Viveros-Carreño DA, Sierra-Barrios EM, Martinez-Velasquez MY, Grillo-Ardila CF.
Antibiotic treatment for the sexual partners of women with bacterial vaginosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2016)
Kenyon, Chris & Colebunders, Robert & Crucitti, Tania.
The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. (2013).
Redelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.
Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future OpportunitiesFront Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354
Read ReviewAmsel R., Totten P. A., Spiegel C. A., Chen K. C., Eschenbach D., Holmes K. K.
Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations.Am. J. Med. 74, 14–22. (1983)
Nugent R. P., Krohn M. A., Hillier S. L.
Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J.Clin. Microbiol. 29, 297–301. (1991).
Ravel J., Gajer P., Abdo Z., Schneider G. M., Koenig S. S., McCulle S. L., et al.
Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 Suppl 1, 4680–4687. (2011).
Redelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.
Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future OpportunitiesFront Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354
Read ReviewAbou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K.
Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jan 18;11:672429
Read ReviewMuzny CA, Schwebke JR.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current HypothesesJ Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;214 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5.
Read ReviewRedelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.
Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future OpportunitiesFront Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354
Read ReviewAbou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K.
Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jan 18;11:672429
Read ReviewVodstrcil LA, Muzny CA, Plummer EL, Sobel JD, Bradshaw CS.
Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatmentBMC Med. 2021 Sep 2;19(1):194
Read ReviewMuzny CA, Schwebke JR.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current HypothesesJ Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;214 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5.
Read ReviewAbou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K.
Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jan 18;11:672429
Read ReviewMuzny CA, Schwebke JR.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current HypothesesJ Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;214 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-5.
Read ReviewVodstrcil LA, Muzny CA, Plummer EL, Sobel JD, Bradshaw CS.
Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatmentBMC Med. 2021 Sep 2;19(1):194
Read ReviewRavel, J., Moreno, I., & Simón, C. (2021)
Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory diseaseAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(3), 251-257
Read ReviewGaudoin M, Rekha P, Morris A, Lynch J, Acharya U.
Bacterial vaginosis and past chlamydial infection are strongly and independently associated with tubal infertility but do not affect in vitro fertilization success ratesFertil Steril. 1999 Oct;72(4):730-2
Read ReviewKenyon, Chris & Colebunders, Robert & Crucitti, Tania.
The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. (2013).
Coudray MS, Madhivanan P.
Bacterial vaginosis-A brief synopsis of the literatureEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Feb;245:143-148
Read ReviewRavel, J., Moreno, I., & Simón, C. (2021)
Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory diseaseAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(3), 251-257
Read ReviewRedelinghuys MJ, Geldenhuys J, Jung H, Kock MM.
Bacterial Vaginosis: Current Diagnostic Avenues and Future OpportunitiesFront Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Aug 11;10:354
Read ReviewFeng Y-X, Tan M-Z, Qiu H-H, Chen J-R, Wang S-Z, Huang Z-M, et al. (2025)
Association between heavy metal exposure and bacterial vaginosis: A cross-sectional studyPLoS ONE 20(1): e0316927
Read ReviewNeggers YH, Nansel TR, Andrews WW, Schwebke JR, Yu KF, Goldenberg RL, Klebanoff MA.
Dietary intake of selected nutrients affects bacterial vaginosis in womenJ Nutr. 2007 Sep;137(9):2128-33
Read ReviewNoormohammadi, M., Eslamian, G., Kazemi, S.N. et al.
Dietary acid load, alternative healthy eating index score, and bacterial vaginosis: is there any association? A case-control study.BMC Infect Dis 22, 803 (2022).
Read ReviewPowell A, Ghanem KG, Rogers L, Zinalabedini A, Brotman RM, Zenilman J, et al.
Clinicians’ use of intravaginal boric acid maintenance therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis.Sex Transm Dis. (2019)
Lev-Sagie A, Goldman-Wohl D, Cohen Y, et al.
Vaginal microbiome transplantation in women with intractable bacterial vaginosis.Nat Med. (2019)
Abbas HA, Elsherbini AM, Shaldam MA.
Repurposing metformin as a quorum sensing inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Afr Health Sci. (2017)
Zhao F, Chen Y, Gao J, et al.
Characterization of Vaginal Microbiota in Women With Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion That Can Be Modified by Drug Treatment.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. August, 19 2021.