Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Breast Cancer
Researched by:
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Karen Pendergrass
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Karen Pendergrass
Read MoreKaren Pendergrass is a microbiome researcher specializing in microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs). She systematically analyzes scientific literature to identify microbial patterns, develop hypotheses, and validate interventions. As the founder of the Microbiome Signatures Database, she bridges microbiome research with clinical practice. In 2012, based on her own investigative research, she became the first documented case of FMT for Celiac Disease—four years before the first published case study.
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
Read MoreI am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
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Karen Pendergrass
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Divine Aleru
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Researched by:
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Karen Pendergrass
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Karen Pendergrass
Read More -
Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
Read More
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Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
Microbiome Signatures
Overview 
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Research Feed 
References Overview
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women globally, accounting for over 2.3 million cases annually and representing a leading cause of cancer mortality.[1] Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.[3][x] Central to its development are mutations in tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, which impair DNA repair, promote genomic instability, and increase susceptibility, particularly to aggressive subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer.[4] Screening strategies such as mammography and breast self-examination play critical roles in early detection, yet awareness and participation remain insufficient in many populations. Emerging evidence highlights the microbiome’s relevance in breast cancer, with dysbiosis in gut and oral microbiota implicated in modulating estrogen metabolism, inflammatory responses, and immune surveillance, thereby influencing tumorigenesis and treatment outcomes.[5][6][7] Understanding the microbiome signatures associated with breast cancer offers unprecedented opportunities for targeted therapies, preventive strategies, and personalized treatment in breast cancer management.
Associated Conditions
Diabetes and benign breast disease (BBD) are interconnected risk factors that influence breast cancer risk. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of breast cancer through mechanisms like hyperinsulinemia and the activation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway, which promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis, leading to a higher likelihood of cancer development, particularly in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.[8]Type 1 diabetes (T1D) also elevates breast cancer risk, especially shortly after diagnosis.[9] Meanwhile, a history of BBD, especially conditions like fibroadenoma and lobular proliferation, is a known risk factor for breast cancer. Surgical treatment for certain benign conditions, such as fibroadenoma, has been shown to reduce future cancer risk.[10] These factors, along with potential microbiome disruptions, can worsen insulin resistance and influence immune function, further elevating breast cancer risk. The gut microbiome, in particular, has been shown to play a role in breast cancer development, with a reduction in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which are associated with anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining metabolic health.[11][x] Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut bacteria, may contribute to increased systemic inflammation and other metabolic conditions that heighten breast cancer susceptibility.[12] Thus, managing diabetes, monitoring BBD, and understanding the role of the microbiome are crucial for reducing breast cancer risk.
Causes
Breast cancer is thought to arise from a multifactorial interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors, with up to 70% of cases having unknown etiology. However, recent studies find that dysbiosis—characterized by a significant overgrowth of Proteobacteria and reduced diversity of beneficial taxa like Bacteroidetes and SCFA-producing bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, plays a critical role by disrupting estrogen metabolism, promoting inflammation, and altering the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer.[13][x] Evidence suggests that frequent antibiotic use may contribute to breast cancer risk by promoting Proteobacteria blooms as well as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp., which are enriched in the breast cancer patient, amplifying systemic inflammation and immune suppression.[14][x][15] Microbial dysbiosis, both local and systemic, has significant implications for breast cancer progression, with some literature even proposing that antibiotics may potentially play a causal role in the condition.[16][x]
Diagnosis
Currently, breast cancer diagnosis relies heavily on imaging (mammography, ultrasound) and histopathological confirmation. However, advancements in microbiome research suggest that microbial signatures, including shifts in gut and breast tissue microbiota, could serve as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. For instance, altered ratios of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the gut and specific microbial markers in breast tissue (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis, Methylobacterium radiotolerans) offer promising diagnostic potential. Integrating microbiome analyses into routine diagnostics could improve early detection, especially for aggressive subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer. [17]
Primer
The interplay between the microbiome, immune modulation, and hormone metabolism highlights the microbiome’s central role in breast cancer pathogenesis. Dysbiosis contributes to systemic inflammation, immune escape, and tumor growth. For example, reductions in SCFA production impair anti-inflammatory pathways, while overgrowth of specific taxa drives estrogen metabolism disruptions, fueling hormone receptor-positive cancers. Addressing these microbial imbalances through targeted interventions may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the activity of beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme involved in estrogen conjugation, is linked to the microbial dysbiosis observed in women with a history of breast cancer. [18]
Metallomic Signatures
Metallomic signatures play an important role in understanding breast cancer, with recent research highlighting how heavy metals and metabolites contribute to the progression of the disease.[19] A growing body of evidence suggests that exposure to heavy metals, including copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn), can significantly influence breast cancer development by altering cellular pathways, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.[20] These metals can induce cancer progression by mimicking or disrupting essential metabolic pathways, influencing cell growth and survival. Studies have shown that increased concentrations of Cu and Cd, combined with lower levels of Zn, are associated with breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls.[21][22] Cadmium’s estrogenic effects are implicated in promoting breast cancer cell proliferation, suggesting a potential role in hormone-sensitive breast cancer. This is because cadmium, a heavy metal, can mimic the effects of estrogen by binding to estrogen receptors and activating them.[23] This activation can lead to increased cell growth and proliferation, contributing to the development of hormone-sensitive breast cancer.
What are the metallomic signatures of Breast Cancer?
Copper (Cu)
Copper is an essential heavy metal in the body, playing a crucial role in several enzymatic processes and maintaining normal cellular function. However, elevated levels of Cu have been linked to breast cancer development, particularly through the induction of oxidative stress and dysregulation of various cellular processes. Studies have indicated that high copper concentrations in both serum and tumor tissue are associated with increased breast cancer risk.[24] Copper influences angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels are formed, which is critical for tumor growth and metastasis.[25] It also activates several signaling pathways, including those related to cell proliferation and survival, thus contributing to tumor progression.
Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium is a well-known environmental toxicant and a suspected carcinogen that has been consistently associated with breast cancer. Studies have shown that cadmium mimics the action of estrogen by binding to estrogen receptors (ER), particularly in estrogen-sensitive tissues such as the mammary glands.[26] This estrogenic effect promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells, especially in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers.[27] Epidemiological evidence supports the notion that chronic exposure to cadmium, particularly through smoking or polluted environments, increases the risk of developing breast cancer.[28] Moreover, high cadmium levels have been found in breast cancer tissues, which further supports its role in disease development. The cadmium-induced carcinogenic mechanism is also believed to involve oxidative stress, DNA damage, and the disruption of DNA repair pathways, which can lead to mutations and tumorigenesis.[29]
Zinc (Zn)
Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in immune function, DNA synthesis, and cell division. Interestingly, while low zinc levels are commonly observed in individuals with breast cancer, the relationship between zinc and breast cancer risk is complex.[30] A meta-analysis indicated that low levels of zinc in serum and tissues were correlated with breast cancer cases.[31] Zinc deficiency may also impair immune responses and increase oxidative stress, creating an environment conducive to cancer development. Zinc’s involvement in DNA repair and apoptosis makes it a key player in tumor suppression.[32][33] Zinc’s role in the proper functioning of metallothioneins (MTs), proteins that regulate metal homeostasis and protect against oxidative stress, is also important in the context of breast cancer.[34]
Manganese (Mn)
Manganese is another essential metal involved in various physiological processes, including enzyme activation and antioxidant defense. However, like other heavy metals, its dysregulated levels have been associated with breast cancer. Studies have found that elevated manganese concentrations in tissues and blood are linked to increased breast cancer risk.[35] Manganese plays a role in the ROS pathway, which is critical in cancer biology as it contributes to cell survival, migration, and invasion. Manganese is involved in the activation of several oncogenic pathways, including those related to growth factor signaling. The imbalance of manganese metabolism may lead to increased ROS production, further driving the progression of breast cancer.[36]
MMAs
The Major Microbial Associations (MMAs) for breast cancer can be identified as taxa that are consistently reported as being significantly altered and biologically relevant to disease pathogenesis. The MMAs for breast cancer reflect key microbial patterns that are enriched or depleted in affected patients, revealing functional dysbiosis contributing to disease progression. Enriched microbes, such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroides, drive pro-inflammatory pathways and systemic effects, exacerbating cancer-related outcomes. Conversely, depleted microbes, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Clostridiales, represent a loss of anti-inflammatory and protective functions critical for maintaining gut and systemic health.[37][x] Additionally, microbes like Prevotella amnii and Lactobacillus vaginalis highlight specific effects on estrogen metabolism and mucosal immunity, which are especially relevant in postmenopausal breast cancer. Understanding these microbial associations offers insights into potential microbiome-targeted interventions and biomarkers for breast cancer.
What are the Major Microbial Associations (MMAs) for breast cancer
Gut Microbiome and Breast Cancer
Alterations in the gut microbiome composition have been linked to breast cancer development. In postmenopausal women, breast cancer patients exhibit a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls, with an increase in microbial diversity.[38] Specific taxa such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Prevotella amnii, and Enterococcus gallinarum are significantly enriched in breast cancer patients, while beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus vaginalis are reduced. These alterations may affect systemic inflammation, immunity, and metabolic processes, contributing to cancer susceptibility.[39][40]
Premenopausal vs. Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Studies on premenopausal breast cancer patients reveal reduced alpha diversity in the gut microbiota, with significant differences in microbial abundance between cases and controls. Notably, Bacteroides fragilis is found in higher abundance in premenopausal breast cancer patients, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae is more prevalent in postmenopausal patients.[41] This suggests that the gut microbiota plays a role in breast cancer across menopausal statuses, with distinct microbial signatures observed in different age groups.
Breast Tissue Microbiota
The microbiota within breast tissue itself shows significant changes in cancerous and adjacent tissues compared to healthy tissues. For example, bacteria such as Methylobacterium radiotolerans are enriched in tumor tissues, while Sphingomonas yanoikuyae is more abundant in adjacent normal tissues.[42] This microbial dysbiosis in the breast may influence local immune responses and the progression of cancer.
Gut and Oral Microbiota Correlations
There is a strong correlation between gut and oral microbiota in breast cancer patients, which is weaker in healthy controls. The relative abundance of specific oral microbes like Porphyromonas is inversely correlated with gut bacteria such as Bacteroides in breast cancer patients, highlighting the interaction between the microbiomes of different body sites.[43] The gut and oral microbiota’s interrelationship in breast cancer patients suggests that microbial imbalances may not be confined to one body site.
Tumor Characteristics and Gut Microbiome
Associations between the gut microbiome and tumor characteristics such as HER2 status have been observed. Specifically, HER2+ breast cancer patients show lower microbial diversity and an altered balance of gut bacteria compared to HER2− patients. Additionally, high body fat and early menarche are linked to distinct changes in the gut microbiota, which may contribute to cancer risk.[44]
| MMA | Status in Breast Cancer | Key Role/Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Proteobacteria | Enriched | Associated with pro-inflammatory effects and systemic immune modulation, contributing to dysbiosis. |
| Enterobacteriaceae (guild) | Enriched | A major family within Proteobacteria; significant pro-inflammatory effects and disease-associated dysbiosis. |
| Actinobacteria | Depleted | Protective role in health; reduction, especially in postmenopausal women, marks disease-associated dysbiosis. |
| Bacteroides (guild) | Enriched | Involved in lipid metabolism, immune modulation, and inflammation, contributing to systemic cancer effects. |
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Depleted | Anti-inflammatory properties and role in gut homeostasis make it a marker of health. |
| Clostridiales (guild) | Depleted | Linked to anti-inflammatory effects; its reduction indicates loss of protective microbial functions. |
| Prevotella amnii | Enriched | Associated with inflammation and estrogen metabolism, particularly in postmenopausal breast cancer. |
| Lactobacillus vaginalis | Depleted | Supports mucosal health and immune balance; depletion is a marker of dysbiosis, especially postmenopause. |
Microbiome Signature: Breast Cancer
Interventions
The validation process aligns microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs) with microbial dysbiosis correction and clinical improvements. Breast cancer treatments may benefit from incorporating strategies to restore microbial balance, such as dietary SCFA supplementation, probiotics, and precision microbiome therapies.
| Class | Interventions | Mechanisms of Action | MBTI Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical | Tamoxifen | Selectively binds estrogen receptors (ER), preventing estrogen from binding to the receptor, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. It also downregulates estrogen-dependent gene expression, preventing tumor growth in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers.[45][46] | Validated |
| Non-Pharmaceutical | Exercise Therapy | Increases circulation, reduces systemic inflammation, enhances immune function, and helps manage cancer-related fatigue by promoting the release of endorphins.[47] | Promising |
| Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) | FMT directly targets the gut microbiome by reintroducing a healthy microbiota, thus potentially altering microbial-related immune pathways. It has been shown to improve chemotherapy efficacy by restoring a more favorable microbial composition that supports anti-tumor immune responses.[48][49] | Experimental | |
| Supplements | Vitamin D | As vitamin D downregulates ERα expression via inhibition of NF-κB, it may increase the sensitivity to tamoxifen through induction of functional ERα in ER-negative cancer cells. Vitamin D combined with tamoxifen may be effective in tamoxifen-resistant tumors, and its concurrent use with aromatase inhibitors may be another suitable therapeutic option.[50][51][52] | Validated |
| Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) | SCFAs play a crucial role in maintaining gut health by promoting gut barrier integrity, regulating immune responses, and reducing systemic inflammation. SCFAs, especially butyrate, are known to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs), leading to changes in gene expression that promote apoptosis (programmed cell death) and inhibit tumor cell proliferation.[53][54] | Under Investigation | |
| Flavonoids | Flavonoids, including apigenin, quercetin, and genistein, have been shown to inhibit estrogen receptor signaling, suppress aromatase activity, and reduce estrogen synthesis within cancer cells. They also induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation.[55] | Promising Candidate | |
| Nutritional Therapy | Probiotics | Probiotics produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that support gut health, enhance immune function, and help in reducing systemic inflammation. These actions can influence cancer progression, as inflammation and immune dysregulation are often linked to tumor development.[56][57][x][58] | Promising Candidate |
| High-Fiber Diet | Regulates blood sugar and insulin levels, which affect breast cancer risk and prognosis. Fiber promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.[59][x] | Validated | |
| Drug Repurposing | Aspirin | Inhibits COX-2, reducing inflammation and tumor growth by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines.[60][61] | Promising Candidate |
| Metformin | Regulates insulin levels, inhibits mTOR, and reduces cell proliferation in cancer cells.[62] | Promising Candidate |
STOPs
The STOPs initiative advocates for the careful re-evaluation of common clinical practices that could potentially disrupt the microbiome and increase breast cancer risk. It emphasizes the significant role the microbiome plays in modulating immune responses, systemic inflammation, and estrogen metabolism. Recent studies suggest that specific practices, such as the routine use of chlorhexidine mouthwash, prolonged estrogen supplementation, and increased use of antibiotics, can negatively impact the microbiome, contributing to dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) that might promote breast cancer progression, particularly hormone receptor-positive and chemoresistant breast cancers.[63][x][64] Chlorhexidine is widely used for oral hygiene but has been found to alter the oral microbiome, reducing microbial diversity and promoting the overgrowth of potentially harmful species like Proteobacteria.[65] These shifts in the oral microbiome are linked to systemic inflammation and estrogen metabolism alterations, which could exacerbate hormone-driven breast cancer.
| STOP | Microbiome Impact | Breast Cancer Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorhexidine Mouthwash | Reduces oral microbial diversity, increases Proteobacteria, decreases beneficial microbes like Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas. | Potential causal link to breast cancer through oral and gut dysbiosis, influencing estrogen metabolism and immune function. |
FAQs
How does the gut microbiota influence breast cancer subtypes?
How does the gut microbiota influence breast cancer subtypes?
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in shaping systemic hormone levels, inflammation, and immune responses, all of which are linked to breast cancer subtypes. For example, hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancers are influenced by the gut microbiota’s role in estrogen metabolism.rnrnDysbiosis can increase β-glucuronidase activity, leading to elevated circulating estrogen levels, which fuel HR+ tumors. In contrast, triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are more dependent on immune surveillance, and gut dysbiosis can impair anti-tumor immunity. Specific microbial taxa, such as u003cemu003eFaecalibacterium prausnitziiu003c/emu003e and u003cemu003eBacteroides fragilisu003c/emu003e, exhibit protective roles by producing anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and modulating the tumor microenvironment.rnrnu0026nbsp;
Are probiotics effective in improving treatment outcomes for breast cancer?
Are probiotics effective in improving treatment outcomes for breast cancer?
Probiotics have shown potential to improve breast cancer treatment outcomes by restoring gut microbiota diversity, reducing inflammation, and enhancing the efficacy of therapies. Studies suggest that probiotics can mitigate chemotherapy and radiation-induced dysbiosis, improving tolerance to treatment and reducing side effects like diarrhea and mucositis.rnrnAdditionally, probiotics may enhance immune responses, which are critical for the efficacy of therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the use of probiotics remains an emerging area, and their clinical efficacy in breast cancer requires further validation through large-scale trials.
Can microbiome-targeted interventions reduce chemotherapy side effects?
Can microbiome-targeted interventions reduce chemotherapy side effects?
Yes, microbiome-targeted interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, can help alleviate chemotherapy side effects. For instance, supplementation with SCFA-producing bacteria, like u003cemu003eFaecalibacterium prausnitziiu003c/emu003e, has been associated with reduced inflammation and improved gut barrier function, which can mitigate chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has also shown promise in restoring microbiota diversity and reducing treatment-related side effects. Emerging research indicates that maintaining a healthy microbiome can reduce weight gain, neurotoxicity, and inflammation associated with breast cancer therapies.
Research Feed
Comprehensive profiles and diagnostic value of menopausal-specific gut microbiota in premenopausal breast cancer
October 27, 2021
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast
May 24, 2006
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Metals •
Metals
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin ut laoreet tortor. Donec euismod fermentum pharetra. Nullam at tristique enim. In sit amet molestie
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer microbiota and host gene expression
November 30, 2017
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Composition and Functional Potential of the Human Mammary Microbiota Prior to and Following Breast Tumor Diagnosis
June 28, 2022
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Breast cancer patients from the Midwest region of the United States have reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria
January 11, 2023
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor
May 2, 2023
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Breast cancer but not the menopausal status is associated with small changes of the gut microbiota
January 24, 2024
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women is associated with an altered gut metagenome
August 6, 2018
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Gut and oral microbial compositional differences in women with breast cancer, women with ductal carcinoma in situ, and healthy women
November 19, 2024
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Intestinal microbiota influences clinical outcome and side effects of early breast cancer treatment
May 7, 2021
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated with Human Breast Cancer
January 8, 2014
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The oral microbiome and breast cancer and non-malignant breast disease, and its relationship with the fecal microbiome in the Ghana Breast Health Study
October 15, 2023
/
Breast Cancer •
Breast Cancer
Did You Know?
The Left Breast Is Slightly More Susceptible. Breast cancer is about 5–10% more common in the left breast than the right. Researchers are still exploring why this asymmetry exists.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
β-Glucuronidase
β-glucuronidase in the gut microbiome breaks down metabolites, drugs, and hormone conjugates like estrogen, aiding microbial energy use and nutrient cycling. Its activity influences drug efficacy and hormone levels, maintaining estrogen balance and impacting health. Disruption in this process can lead to estrogen-related diseases, such as gynecological cancers and menopausal syndrome, and increase colorectal cancer risks by reactivating carcinogens, highlighting its pivotal role in linking microbial actions to host physiological processes.
Major Microbial Associations (MMAs)
Major Microbial Associations (MMAs) are fundamental in understanding disease-microbiome interactions and play a crucial role in advancing microbiome-targeted interventions aimed at treating or preventing diseases through microbial modulation.
Microbiome-Targeted Interventions (MBTIs)
Microbiome Targeted Interventions (MBTIs) are cutting-edge treatments that utilize information from Microbiome Signatures to modulate the microbiome, revolutionizing medicine with unparalleled precision and impact.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) involves transferring fecal bacteria from a healthy donor to a patient to restore microbiome balance.
Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms that offer significant health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. They primarily work by modulating the gut microbiome, supporting a balanced microbial ecosystem. Probiotics have been shown to improve gut health, modulate immune responses, and even influence metabolic and mental health disorders. With growing evidence supporting their therapeutic potential, probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in treating conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), and even mental health conditions like depression and anxiety through their impact on the gut-brain axis.
Metformin
Metformin is a synthetic derivative of guanidine derived from the guanidine alkaloid of the plant Galega officinalis L. with significant hypoglycemic effects. It is a first-line antihyperglycemic agent due to its efficacy, low cost, and favorable safety profile.
STOP: Indiscriminate Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Use Due to Breast Cancer Risk
Microbiome findings provide mechanistic insights into how chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash might contribute to breast cancer and breast disease in a causal manner.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
Women’s Health
Women’s health, a vital aspect of medical science, encompasses various conditions unique to women’s physiological makeup. Historically, women were often excluded from clinical research, leading to a gap in understanding the intricacies of women’s health needs. However, recent advancements have highlighted the significant role that the microbiome plays in these conditions, offering new insights and potential therapies. MicrobiomeSignatures.com is at the forefront of exploring the microbiome signature of each of these conditions to unravel the etiology of these diseases and develop targeted microbiome therapies.
Breast Cancer
Traditionally linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, emerging evidence highlights the microbiome as a critical and underappreciated factor influencing breast cancer progression, immune response, and treatment outcomes.
References
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Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, Mafra A, Singh D, Laversanne M, Vignat J, Gralow JR, Cardoso F, Siesling S, Soerjomataram I.
Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040.Breast. 2022 Dec;66:15-23.
Zeber-Lubecka N, Kulecka M, Jagiełło-Gruszfeld A, Dąbrowska M, Kluska A, Piątkowska M, Bagińska K, Głowienka M, Surynt P, Tenderenda M, Mikula M, Ostrowski J.
Breast cancer but not the menopausal status is associated with small changes of the gut microbiotaFront Oncol. 2024 Jan 24;14:1279132
Zeber-Lubecka N, Kulecka M, Jagiełło-Gruszfeld A, Dąbrowska M, Kluska A, Piątkowska M, Bagińska K, Głowienka M, Surynt P, Tenderenda M, Mikula M, Ostrowski J.
Breast cancer but not the menopausal status is associated with small changes of the gut microbiotaFront Oncol. 2024 Jan 24;14:1279132
Gorodetska I, Kozeretska I, Dubrovska A.
BRCA Genes: The Role in Genome Stability, Cancer Stemness and Therapy ResistanceJ Cancer 2019; 10(9):2109-2127.
Thompson KJ, Ingle JN, Tang X, Chia N, Jeraldo PR, Walther-Antonio MR, Kandimalla KK, Johnson S, Yao JZ, Harrington SC, Suman VJ, Wang L, Weinshilboum RL, Boughey JC, Kocher JP, Nelson H, Goetz MP, Kalari KR.
A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer microbiota and host gene expressionPLoS One. 2017 Nov 30;12(11):e0188873.
Velicer CM, Heckbert SR, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Robertson CA, Taplin SH.
Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancerJAMA. 2004 Feb 18;291(7):827-35.
Brookes ZLS, Belfield LA, Ashworth A, Casas-Agustench P, Raja M, Pollard AJ, Bescos R.
Effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiomeJ Dent. 2021 Oct;113:103768
Xiong, F., Wang, J., Nierenberg, J.L. et al.
Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a large-scale, prospective, population-based studyBr J Cancer 129, 648–655 (2023)
Dorjgochoo T, Deming SL, Gao YT, Lu W, Zheng Y, Ruan Z, Zheng W, Shu XO.
History of benign breast disease and risk of breast cancer among women in China: a case-control studyCancer Causes Control. 2008 Oct;19(8):819-28
Shrode RL, Knobbe JE, Cady N, Yadav M, Hoang J, Cherwin C, Curry M, Garje R, Vikas P, Sugg S, Phadke S, Filardo E, Mangalam AK.
Breast cancer patients from the Midwest region of the United States have reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria.Sci Rep. 2023
Thompson KJ, Ingle JN, Tang X, Chia N, Jeraldo PR, Walther-Antonio MR, Kandimalla KK, Johnson S, Yao JZ, Harrington SC, Suman VJ, Wang L, Weinshilboum RL, Boughey JC, Kocher JP, Nelson H, Goetz MP, Kalari KR.
A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer microbiota and host gene expressionPLoS One. 2017 Nov 30;12(11):e0188873.
Shrode RL, Knobbe JE, Cady N, Yadav M, Hoang J, Cherwin C, Curry M, Garje R, Vikas P, Sugg S, Phadke S, Filardo E, Mangalam AK.
Breast cancer patients from the Midwest region of the United States have reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria.Sci Rep. 2023
Aleksandr Birg, Nathaniel L. Ritz, Henry C. Lin
The Unknown Effect of Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis on the Gut MicrobiotaMicrobiome and Metabolome in Diagnosis, Therapy, and other Strategic Applications, Academic Press, 2019,
Zhu J, Liao M, Yao Z, Liang W, Li Q, Liu J, Yang H, Ji Y, Wei W, Tan A, Liang S, Chen Y, Lin H, Zhu X, Huang S, Tian J, Tang R, Wang Q, Mo Z.
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