2025-04-12 00:35:36
Lactoferrin majorpublished
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein of significant interest due to its broad spectrum of biological activities and safety profile. To date, 20 various physiological roles of lactoferrin have been confirmed.
Lactoferrin (F) is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein classified as a postbiotic with immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and prebiotic-like properties.
I am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Karen Pendergrass is a microbiome researcher specializing in microbiome-targeted interventions (MBTIs). She systematically analyzes scientific literature to identify microbial patterns, develop hypotheses, and validate interventions. As the founder of the Microbiome Signatures Database, she bridges microbiome research with clinical practice. In 2012, based on her own investigative research, she became the first documented case of FMT for Celiac Disease—four years before the first published case study.
Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
I am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein classified as a postbiotic with immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and prebiotic-like properties. Found abundantly in human and bovine milk, as well as in mucosal secretions and neutrophil granules, lactoferrin plays a critical role in host defense and mucosal immunity. Its relevance to microbiome-targeted therapy lies in its dual ability to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms by sequestering iron and disrupting microbial membranes, while supporting the growth of beneficial commensals such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.[1][2]
Mechanistically, LF suppresses inflammation by modulating cytokine signaling (e.g., lowering TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while increasing IL-10), blocks pathogen adhesion, and disrupts biofilm formation.[3][4] It also interacts with immune cells—enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity, regulating dendritic cell function, and promoting epithelial barrier stability.[5] Clinically, LF has demonstrated utility as a biomarker in feces (for IBD), saliva (for Alzheimer’s disease), and tears (for dry eye disease). These diagnostic links reflect its consistent association with microbial balance and host immune responses. Lactoferrin also exhibits broad antiviral properties, blocking host cell entry of viruses like HSV, CMV, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2 through interactions with heparan sulfate receptors.[6] Its anticancer and bone-supporting effects are connected to immunomodulatory and microbiome-mediated pathways, including apoptosis induction and osteoblast activation.[7]
Mechanism of Action | Overview |
---|---|
Antibacterial | Lactoferrin exerts broad-spectrum antibacterial activity through iron chelation, membrane disruption, and inhibition of adhesion and biofilm formation. It is particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. It shows synergy with antibiotics and spares beneficial microbiota such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species.[8][9][10][11] |
Antifungal | Lactoferrin and its derived peptides (e.g., lactoferricin, lactoferrampin) inhibit Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and biofilm-forming fungi. Mechanisms include membrane permeabilization, ROS generation, and interference with ergosterol pathways. Synergy with amphotericin B enhances fungicidal effects and reduces virulence traits such as hyphal elongation and capsule size.[12][13] |
Antiviral | Lactoferrin prevents viral attachment and entry by binding host cell glycosaminoglycans or viral envelope proteins. It is active against HSV-1/2, HIV, Rotavirus, Norovirus, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2. Additional effects include interferon induction and NK cell activation.[14][15][16] |
Anti-inflammatory | Lactoferrin reduces inflammation by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation, leading to decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. It also increases IL-10 and promotes regulatory immune profiles, helping to resolve dysbiosis-induced inflammation and restore microbial-epithelial homeostasis.[17][18] |
Immunomodulatory | Lactoferrin shapes immune responses by modulating dendritic cells and promoting Th1/Th2 balance. It supports tolerance toward commensals like Lactobacillus while suppressing excessive responses to pathobionts, stabilizing the immune-microbiome interface. [19][20][21] |
Prebiotic | Lactoferrin selectively promotes Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium while suppressing pathogens through iron restriction and immune signaling modulation. This fosters a more resilient microbiome, especially under inflammatory or antibiotic stress[22][23][24] |
Lactoferrin modulates the microbiome through selective antimicrobial and prebiotic actions. It consistently increases beneficial taxa such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. crispatus, L. jensenii, and Bifidobacterium longum, which are critical for maintaining mucosal integrity, lowering pH, and promoting immune tolerance.[25][26] Simultaneously, lactoferrin suppresses overgrowth of pathogenic or dysbiosis-associated microbes, which are commonly elevated in bacterial vaginosis, sepsis, and inflammatory gut conditions.[27] In fungal ecosystems, lactoferrin and its peptides inhibit Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans by targeting cell walls, inducing oxidative stress, and blocking hyphal transition and biofilm development.[28][29] In viral infections, lactoferrin prevents epithelial entry of HSV-1/2, rotavirus, norovirus, and SARS-CoV-2 by binding to viral particles or host receptors, while modulating antiviral immune responses such as interferon activation and NK cell recruitment. [30][31] This immune-epithelial stabilization helps maintain microbial balance during acute viral illness. These microbial shifts are associated with clinical improvements in conditions like bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis, neonatal infections, and viral gastroenteritis, making lactoferrin a compelling microbiome-aligned therapeutic tool.
Conditions | Status |
---|---|
Bacterial Vaginosis | Validated |
Endometriosis | In Progress |
Clinical and preclinical studies show that lactoferrin exerts antimicrobial activity. In women with vaginal dysbiosis, LF promoted Lactobacillus dominance and suppressed pathogens like Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae[32]. LF-derived peptides impaired fungal virulence in Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans while enhancing antifungal synergy.[33] In viral contexts, LF shortened symptom duration and modulated immune responses without disrupting the microbiome. [34]
Typical clinical doses of oral lactoferrin range from 100 mg to 1,000 mg daily, depending on the indication and population in viral prevention studies, in capsule or powder form.[35] Vaginal applications often involved local formulations (e.g., ovules or suppositories) delivering 20–300 mg per dose, used alone or with probiotics for synergy.[36] For enhanced efficacy, some studies recommend apo-lactoferrin or enteric-coated capsules, which protect LF from gastric degradation and improve delivery to the intestine or urogenital tract.[37][38]
For years, clinical trials have been underway based on the use of lactoferrin in the treatment of children, and even premature babies. An important aspect is the lack of reported side effects, which makes lactoferrin a safe protein even for the youngest patients.[39][40][41][42]
LF and its peptides modulate pathogenicity by inhibiting key virulence mechanisms, biofilm formation, toxin release, capsule formation, and adhesion—even when full eradication isn’t achieved. In Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, LF disrupts hyphal growth and capsule integrity, thereby reducing pathogenic potential without sterilizing the niche[45][46].
Lactoferrin supports immune tolerance by downregulating NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines, while enhancing anti-inflammatory mediators. These effects reduce immune-mediated disruption of commensals and maintain epithelial barrier integrity. In viral and bacterial infections, this dual action stabilizes the microbiome-immune axis, especially in the gut and vaginal mucosa[47][48][49].
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Gut microbiota predict endometriosis better than vaginal microbiota.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
2025-04-12 00:35:36
Lactoferrin majorpublished
Microbiome Targeted Interventions (MBTIs) are cutting-edge treatments that utilize information from Microbiome Signatures to modulate the microbiome, revolutionizing medicine with unparalleled precision and impact.
Bovine lactoferrin has emerged as a promising microbiome-targeted intervention (MBTI) for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Clinical and preclinical studies confirm its dual-action ability to restore Lactobacillus dominance and suppress BV-associated pathogens like Gardnerella and Prevotella. These microbial shifts, combined with anti-inflammatory effects, validate both the efficacy of bovine lactoferrin and the diagnostic accuracy of the BV microbiome signature.
Adlerova, L. & Bartoskova, Alena & Martin, Faldyna.
Lactoferrin: A reviewVeterinarni Medicina, 53, 2008 (9): 457–468
Read ReviewCao X, Ren Y, Lu Q, Wang K, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cui X, Yang Z and Chen Z
Lactoferrin: A glycoprotein that plays an active role in human health.Front. Nutr. 9:1018336.
Read ReviewAdlerova, L. & Bartoskova, Alena & Martin, Faldyna.
Lactoferrin: A reviewVeterinarni Medicina, 53, 2008 (9): 457–468
Read ReviewKowalczyk, P.; Kaczy ´nska, K.; Kleczkowska, P.; Bukowska-O´sko, I.; Kramkowski, K.; Sulejczak, D.
The Lactoferrin Phenomenon—A Miracle MoleculeMolecules 2022, 27, 2941.
Read ReviewAdlerova, L. & Bartoskova, Alena & Martin, Faldyna.
Lactoferrin: A reviewVeterinarni Medicina, 53, 2008 (9): 457–468
Read ReviewAdlerova, L. & Bartoskova, Alena & Martin, Faldyna.
Lactoferrin: A reviewVeterinarni Medicina, 53, 2008 (9): 457–468
Read ReviewCao X, Ren Y, Lu Q, Wang K, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cui X, Yang Z and Chen Z
Lactoferrin: A glycoprotein that plays an active role in human health.Front. Nutr. 9:1018336.
Read ReviewXu, Y., Wang, Y., He, J., & Zhu, W.
Antibacterial properties of lactoferrin: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to early 2022Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13, 947102.
Read ReviewSomayeh JahaniAmin ShakibaLeila Jahani
The Antimicrobial Effect of Lactoferrin on Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive BacteriaInt J Infect. 2015 July; 2(3): e27954.
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive ReviewBiomedicines 2021, 9, 1940
Read ReviewLiu, Z.-S., & Chen, P.-W.
Featured Prebiotic Agent: The Roles and Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Prebiotic Activities of Lactoferrin and Its Application in Disease ControlNutrients, 15(12), 2759.
Read ReviewFernandes KE, Weeks K, Carter DA.
Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin BAntimicrob Agents Chemother 64:10.1128/aac.02284-19.
Read ReviewFernandes, K. E., & Carter, D. A. (.
The Antifungal Activity of Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: Mechanisms of Action and Synergy with Drugs against Fungal PathogensFrontiers in Microbiology,2017) 8, 2.
Read ReviewBerlutti F, Pantanella F, Natalizi T, Frioni A, Paesano R, Polimeni A, Valenti P.
Antiviral properties of lactoferrin–a natural immunity moleculeMolecules. 2011 Aug 16;16(8):6992-7018.
Read ReviewSinopoli A , Isonne C , Santoro MM , Baccolini V.
The effects of orally administered lactoferrin in the prevention and management of viral infections: a systematic review.Rev Med Virol. 2022; 32(1):e2261.
Read ReviewHiroyuki Wakabayashi, Hirotsugu Oda, Koji Yamauchi, Fumiaki Abe
Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infectionsJournal of Infection and Chemotherapy, Volume 20, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 666-671, ISSN 1341-321X
Read ReviewDrago-Serrano ME, Campos-Rodríguez R, Carrero JC, de la Garza M.
Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial InfectionsInt J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 1;18(3):501.
Read ReviewGodínez-Chaparro, B.; Guzmán-Mejía, F.; Drago-Serrano, M.E.
Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical ApproachPharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 868.
Read ReviewActor JK, Hwang SA, Kruzel ML.
Lactoferrin as a natural immune modulatorCurr Pharm Des. 2009;15(17):1956-73.
Read ReviewSiqueiros-Cendón, T., Arévalo-Gallegos, S., Iglesias-Figueroa, B. et al.
Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrinActa Pharmacol Sin 35, 557–566 (2014)
Read ReviewDominique Legrand
Overview of Lactoferrin as a Natural Immune ModulatorThe Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 173, Supplement, 2016, Pages S10-S15, ISSN 0022-3476
Read ReviewZhao, C., Chen, N., & Ashaolu, T. J.
Prebiotic and modulatory evidence of lactoferrin on gut health and functionJournal of Functional Foods, 108, 105741
Read ReviewLiu, Z.-S., & Chen, P.-W.
Featured Prebiotic Agent: The Roles and Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Prebiotic Activities of Lactoferrin and Its Application in Disease ControlNutrients, 15(12), 2759.
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive ReviewBiomedicines 2021, 9, 1940
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive ReviewBiomedicines 2021, 9, 1940
Read ReviewLiu, Z.-S., & Chen, P.-W.
Featured Prebiotic Agent: The Roles and Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Prebiotic Activities of Lactoferrin and Its Application in Disease ControlNutrients, 15(12), 2759.
Read ReviewSomayeh JahaniAmin ShakibaLeila Jahani
The Antimicrobial Effect of Lactoferrin on Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive BacteriaInt J Infect. 2015 July; 2(3): e27954.
Read ReviewFernandes KE, Weeks K, Carter DA.
Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin BAntimicrob Agents Chemother 64:10.1128/aac.02284-19.
Read ReviewFernandes, K. E., & Carter, D. A. (.
The Antifungal Activity of Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: Mechanisms of Action and Synergy with Drugs against Fungal PathogensFrontiers in Microbiology,2017) 8, 2.
Read ReviewBerlutti F, Pantanella F, Natalizi T, Frioni A, Paesano R, Polimeni A, Valenti P.
Antiviral properties of lactoferrin–a natural immunity moleculeMolecules. 2011 Aug 16;16(8):6992-7018.
Read ReviewHiroyuki Wakabayashi, Hirotsugu Oda, Koji Yamauchi, Fumiaki Abe
Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infectionsJournal of Infection and Chemotherapy, Volume 20, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 666-671, ISSN 1341-321X
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive ReviewBiomedicines 2021, 9, 1940
Read ReviewFernandes KE, Weeks K, Carter DA.
Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin BAntimicrob Agents Chemother 64:10.1128/aac.02284-19.
Read ReviewHiroyuki Wakabayashi, Hirotsugu Oda, Koji Yamauchi, Fumiaki Abe
Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infectionsJournal of Infection and Chemotherapy, Volume 20, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 666-671, ISSN 1341-321X
Read ReviewHiroyuki Wakabayashi, Hirotsugu Oda, Koji Yamauchi, Fumiaki Abe
Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infectionsJournal of Infection and Chemotherapy, Volume 20, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 666-671, ISSN 1341-321X
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive ReviewBiomedicines 2021, 9, 1940
Read ReviewFernandes KE, Weeks K, Carter DA.
Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin BAntimicrob Agents Chemother 64:10.1128/aac.02284-19.
Read ReviewLiu, Z.-S., & Chen, P.-W.
Featured Prebiotic Agent: The Roles and Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Prebiotic Activities of Lactoferrin and Its Application in Disease ControlNutrients, 15(12), 2759.
Read ReviewKowalczyk, P.; Kaczy ´nska, K.; Kleczkowska, P.; Bukowska-O´sko, I.; Kramkowski, K.; Sulejczak, D.
The Lactoferrin Phenomenon—A Miracle MoleculeMolecules 2022, 27, 2941.
Read ReviewFernandes KE, Weeks K, Carter DA.
Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin BAntimicrob Agents Chemother 64:10.1128/aac.02284-19.
Read ReviewSinopoli A , Isonne C , Santoro MM , Baccolini V.
The effects of orally administered lactoferrin in the prevention and management of viral infections: a systematic review.Rev Med Virol. 2022; 32(1):e2261.
Read ReviewLiu, Z.-S., & Chen, P.-W.
Featured Prebiotic Agent: The Roles and Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Prebiotic Activities of Lactoferrin and Its Application in Disease ControlNutrients, 15(12), 2759.
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Activity of Lactoferrin in the Female Reproductive Tract: A Comprehensive ReviewBiomedicines 2021, 9, 1940
Read ReviewLiu, Z.-S., & Chen, P.-W.
Featured Prebiotic Agent: The Roles and Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Prebiotic Activities of Lactoferrin and Its Application in Disease ControlNutrients, 15(12), 2759.
Read ReviewFernandes KE, Weeks K, Carter DA.
Lactoferrin Is Broadly Active against Yeasts and Highly Synergistic with Amphotericin BAntimicrob Agents Chemother 64:10.1128/aac.02284-19.
Read ReviewFernandes, K. E., & Carter, D. A. (.
The Antifungal Activity of Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: Mechanisms of Action and Synergy with Drugs against Fungal PathogensFrontiers in Microbiology,2017) 8, 2.
Read ReviewArtym, J.; Zimecki, M.
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